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Citizens preference for voting rights in Europe
The European Union (EU) as the flagship of supra-nationalism is in a severe crisis. Its legitimacy is increasingly questioned by populist and nationalist parties which claim that the political elites and procedures have become detached from the people and that immigrants endanger the welfare and the culture of the autochthonous population. In this context, the project investigates the potential of transnational citizenship and voting opportunities as current and future pathways contributing to reduce the distance between the people and politicians and to overcome the dichotomy between migrants and sedentary populations.
Based on normative theorizing, current empirical tendencies, and existing ideas, we first develop two proposals for transnationalizing voting spaces on the European and on the national level. The first proposal lays out how voters from EU member states could vote for parties from other member states in the election to the European Parliament. The second proposal envisions that voters from other EU member states could elect (a limited number of) representatives in the national parliament of each EU member state. These proposals build on and expand current trends to allow voting beyond the confines of territory (requirement: residency) and nationality (requirement: citizenship).
Second, with the help of a pan-European Electronic Voting Advice Application (VAA), we will gather information not only about the current extent of transnational voting (by external and dual citizens) and transnational campaigning of parties. We will also find out whether and where people and parties are willing to support and use those further opportunities for transnational voting that we lay out in our two proposals. VAAs play a double role in our project: Conceptually, they are necessary preconditions for making our proposals viable. Empirically, a VAA that we will set up together with the European University Institute in Florence will create the data for our and further scientific studies.Finally, our project brings together two strands of research: The first strand of research is concerned with citizenship rights and practices beyond the realm of the Westphalian nation state, while the second deals with the design of electoral systems for multi-national polities. We will test whether voters and parties are mainly driven by polity-centered considerations (interest in and identification with particular or multiple nation states or with the EU) or by policy-centered considerations (policy positions and preferences).
Altogether, the project will stimulate the discussion about a third transnational pathway for securing the effectiveness and legitimacy of the European Union beyond supranationalism and nationalism. It will tremendously expand our empirical knowledge out the current level of transnational orientations and practices of people and parties in Europe, and at the same time we will find out whether and where people and parties support expanded options for transnational voting. Furthermore, the project will allow us to keep at the forefront of research dealing with VAAs. Finally, the gained insights might be stimulating for other multi-lingual or multi-national democratic systems.
United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: Voting Data and Issue Categories
The dataset contains all resolutions of the United Nations between session 49 (1995/1996) and 76 (2021/2022) until September 2022, as well as newly developed issue categories that allow for in-depth analysis of voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly.
The issue categories are based on the subjects used by the UN. Metadata for each resolution, such as information on the authorship, as well as corresponding draft resolutions were collected through webscraping and subsequently cleaned from the UN Digital Library website.
GESIS
United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: Voting Data and Issue Categories
The dataset contains all resolutions of the United Nations between session 49 (1995/1996) and 75 (2020/2021) until 8th of August 2021, as well as newly developed issue categories that allow for in-depth analysis of voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly.
The issue categories are based on the subjects used by the UN. Metadata for each resolution, such as information on the authorship, as well as corresponding draft resolutions were collected through webscraping and subsequently cleaned from the UN Digital Library website.
GESIS
Daten, Code/Syntax: Abstimmen wie Zuhause – transnationales Wahlverhalten türkischer Staatsbürger*innen in Deutschland
The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of electoral behavior of Turkish citizens in Germany using the case of the elections to the Turkish parliament in 2018. Starting point are the controversial debates about the different results for the electorate in Turkey and Turkish voters in Germany. With reference to the literature on plurilocal political orientations of transnational migrants, the authors pursue the argument that their electoral behaviour (concerning the country of origin) is significantly determined by origin-specific factors. For decades, the political landscape has been forged by two decisive political cleavages: between secular and religious orientations and Turkish vs. Kurdish ethnic affiliations. On an aggregate level, these cleavages are reflected in persistent regional patterns in the voting behaviour. Therefore, the place of birth (in Turkey) of Turkish immigrants is used as a proxy for the origin-related orientation. The study is based on an initial coding of data from the Central Foreigners Register and related to election data from the Turkish consulates.
GESIS
CSES Module 4 Third Advance Release
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
CSES Module 4 Second Advance Release
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
VOTO 12: Swiss Popular Vote 09.02.2020
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 1: Swiss Popular Vote 25.09.2016
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 13: Swiss Popular Vote 27.09.2020
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 13: Swiss Popular Vote 27.09.2020
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 10: Swiss Popular Vote 10.02.2019
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 11: Swiss Popular Vote 19.05.2019
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 9: Swiss Popular Vote 25.11.2018
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).
VOTO 8: Swiss Popular Vote 23.09.2018
Mandated by the Federal Chancellery, the research project VOTO analyses after each federal voting the voting decisions of Swiss citizens. For this purpose, VOTO surveys about 1500 eligible voters all over Switzerland. VOTO is a joint project of the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS and the Centre for Democracy Studies Aarau (ZDA).