Suchergebnisse

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

The World Trade Organization is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Participation in the WTO is nowadays an essential condition for every trading state. Accession to the WTO is a challenging process for an acceding country, because adjusting laws and institutions to the WTO provisions is not enough for membership. The accession process also involves specific bilateral negotiations between an applicant and any WTO Member wishing to hold them. This creates a perfect environment for the WTO Members to seek economic, as well as political interests. This paper examines the WTO accession negotiations, with focus on different countries such as Lithuania, China and Russia. The objective is to ascertain political motives of the WTO members in respect of acceding countries, and define the impact they had on accession negotiations; finally, what interests prevailed: political or economic. The paper concludes that formal accession procedures did not play an important role in negotiations with all examined countries. The WTO negotiations process and results highly depended on the political motives of the WTO Members. The crucial factor modifying Lithuania's accession process was the forthcoming membership in the EU. The European countries were politically motivated to support Lithuania's accession to the WTO.[.].

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

Subsidies are one of the most complicated and contentious questions in international law. On the one hand, subsidies are used by governments to serve fully legitimate objectives of national economic and social policy. On the other hand, however, subsidies may create unintended distortions in international trade. Due to adverse effects subsidies are the subject to an intricate set of legal rules of international and supra-national law, which attempts to distinguish and regulate "unfair" subsidies. This master's thesis examines the issue of protection from adverse effects on the interests of trading partners, attempting to answer the questions, why this is the case and whether the disciplines governing the use of subsidies – and countervailing duties to offset them – is complete.

Subsidies are one of the most complicated and contentious questions in international law. On the one hand, subsidies are used by governments to serve fully legitimate objectives of national economic and social policy. On the other hand, however, subsidies may create unintended distortions in international trade. Due to adverse effects subsidies are the subject to an intricate set of legal rules of international and supra-national law, which attempts to distinguish and regulate "unfair" subsidies. This master's thesis examines the issue of protection from adverse effects on the interests of trading partners, attempting to answer the questions, why this is the case and whether the disciplines governing the use of subsidies – and countervailing duties to offset them – is complete.

In order to protect certain sectors, Russia has introduced some new protectionist measures for EU agricultural products such as meat and dairy products. Russia is a member of WTO for four years, but is still not respecting its WTO commitments concerning the liberalisation of trade regime. The research was conducted in order to measure the level of competitiveness of Lithuanian dairy products in trade with Russia and in alternative markets. Measuring the competitiveness, International competitiveness index in the specific (local) region (LIIC) was used. The research has found an increase in the competitiveness of export of dairy products in EU-28 countries and countries outside the EU markets. The results differed by level of competitiveness among two groups of countries. In the period of analysis, LIIC index was higher in the first group than in the second group of EU countries.

In order to protect certain sectors, Russia has introduced some new protectionist measures for EU agricultural products such as meat and dairy products. Russia is a member of WTO for four years, but is still not respecting its WTO commitments concerning the liberalisation of trade regime. The research was conducted in order to measure the level of competitiveness of Lithuanian dairy products in trade with Russia and in alternative markets. Measuring the competitiveness, International competitiveness index in the specific (local) region (LIIC) was used. The research has found an increase in the competitiveness of export of dairy products in EU-28 countries and countries outside the EU markets. The results differed by level of competitiveness among two groups of countries. In the period of analysis, LIIC index was higher in the first group than in the second group of EU countries.

Das Eigentumrecht ist ein von den Haupt- und Natuerlichrechten des Menschen, das von alten Zeiten egzistiert. Die Analyse von diesem Recht ist wichtig, wenn wir der Inhalt des Eigentumrechtes zeigen wollen, der uns die Gelegenheiten des Eigentuemers verstehen hilft. In die litaushe Rechtsliteratur bietet man oftestens nur sehr allgemeine Konzept des Eigentumrechts. Diese Konzept besteht aus die Rechten des Eigentuemers das Eigentum zu nuetzen, zu besitzen und zu entzoergen. Aber der Inhalt des Eigentums kann man viel breiter verstehen. Zum Beispiel, das Verfassungsgericht fuehrt sich in seiner Praxis nicht nur mit dieser "Dreiklang", aber in der Konzept des Inhalts des Eigentumrechts solche Rechten wie das Recht erfordern, dass das Eigentumrecht nicht verletzt wird, das Recht, dass das Eigentum von illegalen Besitz erfordert wird und etc., hinzufuegt, und der Europaeische Gerichtshof des Menschenrechten asoziert den Begriff des Eigentums ueberhaupt nicht mit dem "Dreiklang", sondern das Eigentum durch Eigentumsobjeckt versteht. Es ist wichtig nicht nur analysieren, aus welchen Rechten der Inhalt des Eigentumrechts besteht, sondern auch die Grenzen des Eigentumrechts gesetzen, das die Scaffung eines Staates verletzen kann, wenn sie diese Grenzen gesetzt. Obwohl die Verfassungsgericht in seiner Praxis die Bedingungen und die Grundlagen der Grenzen des Eigentumrechts anfuehrt, aber man auch zwifeln kann, dass das Eigentumrecht ueberhaupt nicht beschraenkt werden kann, ausser im Falle, der im Verfassung festgestellt ist, dass das Eigentum nur dann ergriffen werden kann, wenn das das Gesetz fest stellt und das man fuer die Gesellschaft macht und wenn das kompenziert wird, weil besser solchen allgemeinen Bedingungen und Grunlagen in einem Gesetz feststellen ist. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Europäische Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten genauer. Dort ist klar festgestellt, dass man Das Eigentumrecht beschraenken kann. Obwohl in der Vefassung der Imunitaet des Eigentumrechts festgestellt ist, gibt es ein Problem – ob es fuer dem Besitzer fuer die Beschraenkungen des Eigentumrechts proportional nicht enschaedigt werden soll, weil jetzt es im Gesetzen nicht hingewisen ist, wenn man eine Entschaedigung bekommt, und wenn nicht.

Das Eigentumrecht ist ein von den Haupt- und Natuerlichrechten des Menschen, das von alten Zeiten egzistiert. Die Analyse von diesem Recht ist wichtig, wenn wir der Inhalt des Eigentumrechtes zeigen wollen, der uns die Gelegenheiten des Eigentuemers verstehen hilft. In die litaushe Rechtsliteratur bietet man oftestens nur sehr allgemeine Konzept des Eigentumrechts. Diese Konzept besteht aus die Rechten des Eigentuemers das Eigentum zu nuetzen, zu besitzen und zu entzoergen. Aber der Inhalt des Eigentums kann man viel breiter verstehen. Zum Beispiel, das Verfassungsgericht fuehrt sich in seiner Praxis nicht nur mit dieser "Dreiklang", aber in der Konzept des Inhalts des Eigentumrechts solche Rechten wie das Recht erfordern, dass das Eigentumrecht nicht verletzt wird, das Recht, dass das Eigentum von illegalen Besitz erfordert wird und etc., hinzufuegt, und der Europaeische Gerichtshof des Menschenrechten asoziert den Begriff des Eigentums ueberhaupt nicht mit dem "Dreiklang", sondern das Eigentum durch Eigentumsobjeckt versteht. Es ist wichtig nicht nur analysieren, aus welchen Rechten der Inhalt des Eigentumrechts besteht, sondern auch die Grenzen des Eigentumrechts gesetzen, das die Scaffung eines Staates verletzen kann, wenn sie diese Grenzen gesetzt. Obwohl die Verfassungsgericht in seiner Praxis die Bedingungen und die Grundlagen der Grenzen des Eigentumrechts anfuehrt, aber man auch zwifeln kann, dass das Eigentumrecht ueberhaupt nicht beschraenkt werden kann, ausser im Falle, der im Verfassung festgestellt ist, dass das Eigentum nur dann ergriffen werden kann, wenn das das Gesetz fest stellt und das man fuer die Gesellschaft macht und wenn das kompenziert wird, weil besser solchen allgemeinen Bedingungen und Grunlagen in einem Gesetz feststellen ist. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Europäische Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten genauer. Dort ist klar festgestellt, dass man Das Eigentumrecht beschraenken kann. Obwohl in der Vefassung der Imunitaet des Eigentumrechts festgestellt ist, gibt es ein Problem – ob es fuer dem Besitzer fuer die Beschraenkungen des Eigentumrechts proportional nicht enschaedigt werden soll, weil jetzt es im Gesetzen nicht hingewisen ist, wenn man eine Entschaedigung bekommt, und wenn nicht.

The functioning of the modern regulatory system for customs duties, which combines unilateral and multilateral (regional) levels, is currently based on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements (1994) and on the provisions of the Convention on the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (1983). However, the practical application of these provisions is related to conflicts between the sources of national and international law and even the different sources of international law itself. It should be noted that at the present time, individual states have not yet formed a unified approach on whether the WTO Agreements should have a direct effect in their national legal system, as most of the states are following the doctrine of dualism and deny this possibility, although the practices followed by the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania have shown the elements of a monistic approach to this problem. The increasing use of international preferential trade agreements and the prevalence of agreements, which establish the customs unions, could also be regarded as a challenge to the development of international economic law and international trade system. Moreover, analysis of the judicial practices of national courts (in the Republic of Lithuania) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union has confirmed that an explicit approach to the relationship existing between international, EU and national customs law has not yet materialised.

The functioning of the modern regulatory system for customs duties, which combines unilateral and multilateral (regional) levels, is currently based on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements (1994) and on the provisions of the Convention on the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (1983). However, the practical application of these provisions is related to conflicts between the sources of national and international law and even the different sources of international law itself. It should be noted that at the present time, individual states have not yet formed a unified approach on whether the WTO Agreements should have a direct effect in their national legal system, as most of the states are following the doctrine of dualism and deny this possibility, although the practices followed by the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania have shown the elements of a monistic approach to this problem. The increasing use of international preferential trade agreements and the prevalence of agreements, which establish the customs unions, could also be regarded as a challenge to the development of international economic law and international trade system. Moreover, analysis of the judicial practices of national courts (in the Republic of Lithuania) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union has confirmed that an explicit approach to the relationship existing between international, EU and national customs law has not yet materialised.