Suchergebnisse

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

Adapted from the source document.

The construction sector is crucial for satisfy the requirements of the European Union's energy and environmental rules. Energy - efficient buildings increase people's standarts of living and bring added value to the economy and society [3]. One of the simplest and most effective ways to save energy is to insulate buildings. The main task when heating a building is to choose such an insulation material that would increase the thermal resistance of the building envelopes [6]. Faults occur for a variety of reasons [35], one of which is the improper installation of the floor, rain and contaminants on the plinth finish. In this way, moisture with contaminants penetrates through random locations and into the thermal insulation of the plinth and basement walls and increases the likelihood of irreparable damage [35]. In the first part of the master's final project, Lithuanian and foreign scientific articles are examined and analyzed. The second part describes the multi-criteria evaluation methods, examines the algorithms of the TOPSIS and COPRAS methods, and provides the formulas and calculations required to verify the consistency of the expert survey responses. In the third part, the research model was chosen for the multi-criteria evaluation using TOPSIS and COPRAS methods and for the calculation of the final results - the plinth unit and 3 different plinth insulation materials were evaluated: polystyrene foam boards ETNA EPS 100, extruded polystyrene foam Finnfoam XPS FL-300, silosor Based on the analysis of scientific articles, the selected indicators were used to evaluate the efficiency: the cost of the insulation material, the heat transfer coefficient, the compressive strength, long-term water absorption. The aim of the work is to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of the efficiency improvement of the materials of the modernized multi-apartment house for the insulation of the plinth of the house. Work tasks: 1. To examine the need to increase the energy efficiency of modernized multi-apartment buildings, methods and the most commonly used insulation materials for partitions in Lithuania and abroad. 2. To examine the multi-criteria evaluation methods of TOPSIS and COPRAS and to determine the significance of the indicators of basement wall insulation materials with the help of an expert survey. 3. Carry out the study of basement wall insulation materials by TOPSIS and COPRAS methods and select the most effective basement wall insulation material. 8 Research methods: Analysis of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, technical documentation and construction technical regulations, TOPSIS and COPRAS multi-criteria evaluation methods, survey of experts. The main results and conclusions of the research: After a multi-criteria evaluation of the basement wall insulation materials, the TOPSIS and COPRAS methods showed that, despite the method used, the most rational material is Finnfoam XPS FL-300 extruded foam, this material scored the highest in the applied methods. ETNA EPS 100 polystyrene foam boards received the lowest score and are the least efficient material of the evaluated materials. The master's final project consists of: summaries in Lithuanian and English, introduction, 3 chapters, conclusions, references. The work consists of 64 pages, 23 tables, 23 figures, appendix.

The construction sector is crucial for satisfy the requirements of the European Union's energy and environmental rules. Energy - efficient buildings increase people's standarts of living and bring added value to the economy and society [3]. One of the simplest and most effective ways to save energy is to insulate buildings. The main task when heating a building is to choose such an insulation material that would increase the thermal resistance of the building envelopes [6]. Faults occur for a variety of reasons [35], one of which is the improper installation of the floor, rain and contaminants on the plinth finish. In this way, moisture with contaminants penetrates through random locations and into the thermal insulation of the plinth and basement walls and increases the likelihood of irreparable damage [35]. In the first part of the master's final project, Lithuanian and foreign scientific articles are examined and analyzed. The second part describes the multi-criteria evaluation methods, examines the algorithms of the TOPSIS and COPRAS methods, and provides the formulas and calculations required to verify the consistency of the expert survey responses. In the third part, the research model was chosen for the multi-criteria evaluation using TOPSIS and COPRAS methods and for the calculation of the final results - the plinth unit and 3 different plinth insulation materials were evaluated: polystyrene foam boards ETNA EPS 100, extruded polystyrene foam Finnfoam XPS FL-300, silosor Based on the analysis of scientific articles, the selected indicators were used to evaluate the efficiency: the cost of the insulation material, the heat transfer coefficient, the compressive strength, long-term water absorption. The aim of the work is to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of the efficiency improvement of the materials of the modernized multi-apartment house for the insulation of the plinth of the house. Work tasks: 1. To examine the need to increase the energy efficiency of modernized multi-apartment buildings, methods and the most commonly used insulation materials for partitions in Lithuania and abroad. 2. To examine the multi-criteria evaluation methods of TOPSIS and COPRAS and to determine the significance of the indicators of basement wall insulation materials with the help of an expert survey. 3. Carry out the study of basement wall insulation materials by TOPSIS and COPRAS methods and select the most effective basement wall insulation material. 8 Research methods: Analysis of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature, technical documentation and construction technical regulations, TOPSIS and COPRAS multi-criteria evaluation methods, survey of experts. The main results and conclusions of the research: After a multi-criteria evaluation of the basement wall insulation materials, the TOPSIS and COPRAS methods showed that, despite the method used, the most rational material is Finnfoam XPS FL-300 extruded foam, this material scored the highest in the applied methods. ETNA EPS 100 polystyrene foam boards received the lowest score and are the least efficient material of the evaluated materials. The master's final project consists of: summaries in Lithuanian and English, introduction, 3 chapters, conclusions, references. The work consists of 64 pages, 23 tables, 23 figures, appendix.

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.