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After the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, historical accounts produced by the victors and the defeated agreed relatively quickly at least on one point: that the ghting had been a purely male a air, with women either absent altogether from the con ict or reduced to the role of passive victims. is assumption has been also widely shared by academics. Against this background, the article aims to reconstruct the "female" February 1934. It explores a broad variety of actions undertaken by women including lo­ gistics, communication, reconnaissance and even military combat. Additionally, it highlights how women were of tremendous importance psycholo­ gically. e obvious relevance of women in any military confrontation with state forces poses the question why most of the activities of women during the February ghting were spontaneous and unplanned. Here, the article ar­ gues that military strategists' decision not to incorporate women into milita­ ry planning was the result not only of patriarchical preconceptions but also of a strategic judgement. A er the clashes of July 1927, the leaders of the So­ cial Democratic Schutzbund forces realigned the organization towards ex­ panding the number of its followers and providing a sphere of activity for radical elements: its potential role as an actual militia, meanwhile, was quiet­ly discounted. ; After the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, historical accounts produced by the victors and the defeated agreed relatively quickly at least on one point: that the ghting had been a purely male a air, with women either absent altogether from the con ict or reduced to the role of passive victims. is assumption has been also widely shared by academics. Against this background, the article aims to reconstruct the "female" February 1934. It explores a broad variety of actions undertaken by women including lo­ gistics, communication, reconnaissance and even military combat. Additionally, it highlights how women were of tremendous importance psycholo­ gically. e obvious relevance of women in any military confrontation with state forces poses the question why most of the activities of women during the February ghting were spontaneous and unplanned. Here, the article ar­ gues that military strategists' decision not to incorporate women into milita­ ry planning was the result not only of patriarchical preconceptions but also of a strategic judgement. A er the clashes of July 1927, the leaders of the So­ cial Democratic Schutzbund forces realigned the organization towards ex­ panding the number of its followers and providing a sphere of activity for radical elements: its potential role as an actual militia, meanwhile, was quiet­ly discounted.

Research in Africa is dependent on foreign funding, which is usually accompanied by research topics, research methodologies, & Western scientific paradigms. African-based feminist research does not escape this hegemony of Western thought. It has to combat the domination of the scientific discourse in general & the Western feminist discourse in particular, as well as the exclusion of the gender-perspective within African research itself. Researchers in Africa emphasize the need for a strong pan-African network among women researchers. The major aims of such an association are to: facilitate "gender literacy" among scientists without restricting it to social science only; & review African history, culture, & current economic developments with reference to the constitutional dynamic of the gender relation. 72 References. Adapted from the source document.

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den präventiven Maßnahmen gegen Gewalt an Frauen im sozialen Nahraum. Sowohl im nationalen als auch im internationalen Bereich zeigt sich in den letzten Jahren immer größere Bereitschaft zur Bekämpfung dieser Gewalttaten. Ein Teil der Arbeit widmet sich der Erläuterung der nationalen Rechtsvorschriften zum Gewaltschutz in Sicherheitspolizeigesetz (SPG) und Exekutionsordnung (EO). Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei auf den Änderungen durch die letzte Gesetzesnovelle (Gewaltschutzgesetz 2019), welche kritisch betrachtet wird. Im anschließenden Teil der Arbeit folgt eine Darstellung von Präventionsmaßnahmen auf internationaler Ebene. Wobei hier insbesondere auf das Übereinkommen des Europarats zur Verhütung und Bekämpfung von Gewalt gegen Frauen und häuslicher Gewalt sowie europaweite Projekte eingegangen wird. Zuletzt werden ergänzende Präventionsmaßnahmen in Österreich dargestellt. Hierbei werden ausgewählte Bewusstseinsbildungsmaßnahmen, Ausbildungs- und Schulungsmaßnahmen für Beschäftigte im Polizei-, Gesundheits- und Bildungsbereich, Kooperations- und Koordinationsmaßnahmen betroffener Einrichtungen, sowie Schutz- und Unterstützungsmaßnahmen für Opfer besprochen. ; This thesis deals with preventive measures for violence against women in the immediate social environment. Both nationally and internationally, the willingness to combat these acts of violence has increased in recent years. One part of the thesis illustrates national legislation on the protection of violence in SPG and EO. It focuses on the modifications made by the latest amendment to the law (Gewaltschutzgesetz 2019), which are commented critically. The following part looks at preventive measures on international levels. It explains, in particular, the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, as well as various European projects. The final part of the thesis outlines supplementary preventive measures in Austria. In this context, selective measures to increase awareness, education and schooling for employees in the police force, health services and educational sector, measures for better cooperation and coordination of affected institutions, as well as protective and supportive measures for victims are discussed. ; vorgelegt von Laura Bischof ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)4940744