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Examines women's changing roles in the military in the wake of the Persian Gulf War & the potential impact of these changes for activist-based theories of feminist antimilitarism, including ecofeminism. Conventional theories of feminist antimilitarism have typically endorsed the notion of women as peacekeepers. But as the Persian Gulf War demonstrates, women are beginning to occupy important combat positions in ways that upset the equation of women with peace. This has generated a larger social debate on the place of women in combat, & on women's gender identity in general. It is suggested that this war was framed in the mainstream media as a rebirth of masculinity in the wake of the Vietnam War & as a technicization & domestication of notions of mother & nature. To combat this frame, it is argued that socialist ecofeminist must develop an alternative vision that works from the personal to the international & derives strategies closely connected to the context of their generation. D. M. Smith

Examines the portrayal of men & notions of masculinity in films about war, & explores their influence on male socialization in contemporary US culture. Images of men training for & in combat situations serve to reinforce dominant cultural ideologies of masculinity & the characteristics of the male warrior, including separation from women & socialization in an all-male environment, stoicism, courage, restraint from emotionality, & an emphasis on winning at all costs. The mechanisms & metaphors by which war films portray these values & perpetuate male stereotypes are described, & illustrated with cinematic examples. 25 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

It is argued that WWII profoundly transformed US liberalism. A demographic shift occurred in which African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North & increased their visibility in society. The inclusion of women in the workforce increased their public visibility, as well, & traditional gender roles were questioned, albeit hesitantly. The economic activity of WWII also ended the Great Depression & restored faith in capitalism, disproving the notion that the US economy had reached its full potential. At the same time, a fear of the state & the people or the masses developed, fueled by the writings of liberal intellectuals. The US victory also promoted a faith in the country's ability to rebuild itself, which led to liberal efforts to combat social & racial injustice & poverty that continue to the present day. J. Ferrari

A critical analysis of the historical & contemporary relationship between black labor & the UK trade union movement reveals how a decade of industrial action taken by black workers & the union members' recognition of the need for class solidarity & collective action against the movement to curb trade union activity gave black workers a solid footing within the labor movement. During the mid-1970s, the Trade Union Congress began to combat racist exclusionary practices & far Right influence. During the Grunwick dispute, thousands of white workers supported Asian women on strike, showing a willingness to overcome the ideology of racism. The creation of black self-organizations affiliated with trade unions, campaigns against racism, & training courses for trade union member actively opposing racism is ensuring the equal treatment of blacks within UK trade unions. 1 Table, 41 References. L. A. Hoffman

Implications of the Islamic Refah Party's acquisition of power through democratic means in contemporary Turkey for civil society & future economic & political movements are examined. Although Turkey's poor economic conditions are perceived as contributing to the Refah Party's popularity, most of its support is derived from the party's attempt to create a just political system based on the God-believer covenant. Even though the Refah Party has permitted political pluralism in Turkey, it is maintained that Turkish citizens must be allowed to participate in politics as both individuals & members of political parties. Several limitations on Turkish citizens' political participation are discussed: segregation of citizens into small groups; religious organizations' attempts to stagnate individual development; potential corruption of Turkey's young generations by religious orders; & continued low status of women. Despite the uncertain prospects for establishing civil society in current Turkey, several factors that could combat social fragmentation & political insecurity are identified. J. W. Parker