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Türkiye ve dünya dis ticareti 1950-1993: Turkey and world foreign trade 1950-1993
In: Yayin, 1870
World Affairs Online
Sivil toplum kuruluşları ve emniyet teşkilatı ilişkileri ; Civil society institutions (organization) and police organization relations
Sivil Toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları, Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının devlet içerisindeki yeri, demokrasi, devlet, devlet kurumları, emniyet teşkilatı, Polisin Sivil Toplum kuruluşlarına bakış açısı, özgürlükler, Avrupa birliği kavramları dünyanın olduğu gibi ülkemizin gündemini de uzun süre meşgul etmiştir. Küreselleşen dünyada devletler etkisini kaybetmekte, özgürlükler alanı genişlemektedir. Toplulukların devlet gibi düşünmediği veya devletin düşünmediği konularda bir araya gelerek organize oldukları, devletin boş bıraktığı alanlarda faaliyet gösterdikleri, devletin bazı yetkilerini kullandıklarını görmekteyiz. Ülkemizde sivil toplum kuruluşlarının gelişme dönemi 1980 yılından sonra olduğu görülmekle birlikte, topluma hizmeti görev kabul etmiş bir sivil toplum kuruluşu olan vakıfların kuruluş tarihinin asırlar öncesine dayandığını söyleyebiliriz. Türkiye'de 1995 yılında çeşitli Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları arasındaki ilişkilerin serbest bırakılması önemli bir karar olmakla birlikte 2004 yılında dernekler kanununda yapılan değişiklik ve emniyet teşkilatından bağımsız yapılanma imkânı tanınması, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının gelişmesi ve faaliyetlerinin çeşitliliğinin artması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışmamızda sivil toplum, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve bağlantılı terimlerin açıklanmasının yanında görevi sivil toplum kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerini yasalar çerçevesinde güvenli bir şekilde yapmasını sağlamak, yasa dışı söylem ve hareketleri yargıya intikal ettirmek olan Polisin sivil toplum kuruluşlarına bakışını ele alacağız. Emniyet Müdürlüğü bünyelerinde kuruluşu bulunan Güvenlik Şube Müdürlüğü Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ile yasalardan kaynaklanan ilişkiler kurmak zorundadır. Aynı ilişki kurma zorunluluğu sivil toplum kuruluşları içinde geçerlidir. Polis ilişkilerini kurarken sivil toplum kuruluşlarını kategorize eder ve yasaların izin verdiği ölçüde görev niteliğine bakılarak iletişim içine girer. Bu iletişim ve ilişki sınırlı ve ölçülüdür. Bu çalışmamızda sivil toplum kuruluşları ile Polis ilişkisini incelerken ilgili yasaların neler olduğunu bu yasaların güncelliği ile birlikte eksiklerini, yasalardan kaynaklanan ilişki bozukluklarını inceleyeceğiz Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları demokrasi hayatı ve kültürü için ne kadar önemli olursa olsun faaliyetlerinin belli ölçüde sınırlandırılmasının gerektiği bunun demokrasinin gerekliliği olduğu ve demokrasi hayatının gelişmesinde Polisin davranışı ve yasaların özelliğinin ne kadar önemli olduğudur. Ülkemizdeki Sivil toplum kuruluşları ile Dünya'daki sivil toplum kuruluşları arasında büyük farklılıklar vardır. Bunun çok yönlü sebepleri olsa da demokrasi kültürünün tam anlamıyla yerleşmemiş olması en büyük sebeptir. Ankara Emniyet Müdürlüğü Güvenlik Şube Müdürlüğü bu eksikliğin farkında olarak hareket etmekte, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerinde davranışları ve iletişimiyle örnek olmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu davranışlar başkente özel ve kişilere bağlı olsa da Türkiye'de uygulanması gereken davranış özelliğini kazanması açısından önemlidir. Çalışmamızda polis teşkilatının tamamının görüşünü yansıtmasa da resmi ve sivil çalışan polislere uyguladığımız ankette; Türkiye'de Polisin ilişki kurduğu sivil toplum kuruluşlarına nasıl baktığı, onları nasıl değerlendirdiği, faaliyetlerdeki tutumu yasaların sivil toplum kuruluşlarına tanıdığı özgürlükler polisin bu konudaki düşünceleri incelenmeye ve bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sivil toplum kuruluşları denince polisin aklına ilk gelen düşüncenin sokaklarda eylem yapan, kaldırım taşlarını söküp kendisine taş atan öğrenci grupları, illegal söylemleri dile getiren, polis ile çatışmaktan çekinmeyen öğrenci platformları ve sendikalar gelir. İllegal örgütlere altyapı sağlayan dernekler, vakıflar, devlet değerlerini ve sistemini tanımayan, yazılı olarak kanuna uygun parti kabul edilen ama söylemlerinde devlete karşı tavır alan veya bölücü, irticai faaliyetleri bulunan siyasi partilerin de bulunduğunu unutmamak gerekir. Her Sivil toplum kuruluşu göründüğü kadar masum değildir. Bu masumiyet halkımız tarafından zamanla anlaşılmakta ve tepkisini yeri geldiğinde ortaya koymaktadır. Kuruluş amacı doğrultusunda hareket eden yasalara saygılı, dürüst, topluma hizmet eden Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının polis ile olan ilişkisi sadece evrak üzerinde kalmakta veya güvenlik talebi şeklinde kalmakta ve sorun yaşanmamaktadır. Türkiye'nin küreselleşen dünyanın saygın bir üyesi olabilmesi için, STK'larının çok sayıda, değişik türde ve ölçekte, yüksek potansiyeli, dünyaya açık, işlevlerini başarıyla yerine getirebilen, kendilerine güven duyulan bir biçimde gelişmesini sağlayabilmesi gerekir.Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilecek verilerle demokrasi kültürüne katkı sağlayacağımızı düşünerek sivil toplum kuruluşlarının polis ile ilişkilerinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu, faaliyet istatistikleri ve Emniyet verileri kullanılarak açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinin demokrasinin gelişimi, demokrasi kültürünün topluma ve kurumlara hakim olması için şart olduğu değerlendirilmeleri yapılacaktır ; Civil Societies, Civil Society Institutions, place of the Civil Society Organizations within the State, democracy, state, state institutions, Police Organization, point of view of the Police organization Civil Societies, liberties, and European concept employed our country agenda as well of the world for a long time. States are loosing their effectiveness and widening liberties field in the globalize world. We begin to recognize that Civil Societies are performing their activities within the field?s state desolated and they are not thinking like the state. Progression period of the Civil Society?s Institutions in our country is after 1980?s. However, we can mention the history of the foundations that are accepted serving to society are based to centuries ago. While the important decision has been taking during the year 1995 on the release of relations between the various civil societies Institutions, changes made on the club law at 2004 it also important regarding to structuring independently from the police, given also self developing possibility to civil society organizations and in increasing variety of activities. In this study, we will undertake point of view of the police forces which are in obligation to provide to civil societies organizations to perform their activities safely within the legal frame work, beside to explain affiliated terms, civil society?s organizations and civil society . Security Department Directorate of the Police organization is obliged to establish relation with the Civil Society Organizations sourced from the laws. Same obligation is stand still for the Civil Society Organizations. Police, while establishing relation categorizes Civil Society organizations and enters in to the communication according to the nature of the duty and the laws are allowed. This communication is limited and moderate. In this study, while examining relation between the Police organization and Civil Society Organization, we will also study up to datedness these laws together with relation failures sourced from the law.Their activities necessary to be limited within the certain measures no matter how much important the Civil Society Organizations for democratic life and culture, and this limitation is also necessity of democracy and importance of the Police behavior and the characteristics of the laws. There is a large difference between Civil Society Organizations of our country and the Civil Society Organizations of the world. Notwithstanding multi-dimensional reasons, main reason is, democracy culture is not established in a proper sense. Ankara Directorate of Police, Security Department Directorate is acting well aware of this absence and runs to set a good example with his behavior and communication during the activities of the Civil Society Organizations. However, these behaviors in the Capital city, special and linked to the persons, it is important that behaviors gains necessary characteristics to apply in Turkey. In this study, even not reflecting the entire point of view of the Police Organization, we tried to draw an outline, on the police opinion and their evaluation on the liberty has been granted to the Civil Society Organizations the laws ad they are communicating with. We must not forget that when we speak about the Civil Society organizations, first thing considered by the police, are the students groups throwing pavement stones, students platforms with illegal pronunciations, syndicates not hesitating to clash with the police, clubs providing substructure to the illegal organizations, and the political parties considered legal according to laws, but not recognizing state values and system and with an attitude and pronunciations against the state in their speeches. Each Civil Society Organizations are that innocent as we are seen fro outside. However, this innocence understands by our public within the time and they betray their response in time. Relation of the Civil Society Organizations acting toward their constitutional aims, respecting laws, honest, and giving their services to the society with the police is only on the paper works such demand of security and posing no problems. For the Turkey becomes a respectful member of the global world, Civil Society organizations must provide progress in a manner of different kind and size, with his high potential and fulfill his functions with success within the trust. With the Data will be obtained at the result of this study, is trying to explain the importance of the relation between the police and Civil Society Organizations for to providecontribution to the democracy by using activity statistics together with security data?s. In this study evaluation on the progress of these relations which is a requirement for the progress of the democracy.
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Dünya politikasında Commonwealth örgütü: Üye devletlerin çıkarları, örgütün etkinliği ve geleceğinin analizi ; The Commonwealth organization in world politics: Interests of the member states, analysis of effectiveness and future of the organization
Çalışmada Commonwealth'in ortaya çıkışı, "imaj" ve "gerçek" çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Britanyalı siyasilerce izlenen temkinli ve öngörülü politikalarının başarısı, Commonwealth'in ortaya çıkışında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Ancak Commonwealth içerisinde "ortak" kelimesine vurgu yapılmasına rağmen bütçenin azlığı, lider ülkenin eksikliği ve kurumsal yapının yetersizliğinden ileri gelen sorunlar, üyelerinin gelişmesi ve sorun çözme noktasında Commonwealth'i etkisizleştirmektedir. Commonwealth'in mevcut etkisizliği artan bir varlık sorununu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu noktada çalışmada Commonwealth'in geleceğine ilişkin görüşler "imaj" ve "gerçek" çerçevesinde analiz edilerek, çözüm önerileri sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Özellikle Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde demokrasi, hukukun üstünlüğü ve insan hakları gibi değerlerin Commonwealth içerisinde ön plana çıkması, önemli bir gelişme olarak kabul edilebilir. Fakat zengin ve fakir ülkeler arasında değer paylaşımının yapılamaması, Commonwealth'in "imajı" "gerçeğe" dönüştüremediğini göstermektedir. Bu yönüyle çalışma, yalnızca Commonwealth'in ortaya çıkışını ve kurumsal yapısındaki değişimi açıklamayı amaç edinmemektedir. Buna ek olarak, Commonwealth'in yaşamakta olduğu sorunlar dikkate alınarak, Örgüt'ün dünya politikasında nasıl etkin hale getirilebileceği de incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bütünlüğünün sağlanması ve Britanyalı siyasilerin Commonwealth üzerindeki politika tercihlerinin anlaşılması için İngiltere tarihi, Britanya İmparatorluğu'nun doğuşu, gelişimi ve dekolonizasyon süreci de çalışmanın konuları arasında yer almaktadır. ; This study discussed concepts of "image" and "reality" in the framework of emergence of Commonwealth. The success of the British politicians who pursued cautious and foresighted policy has played an important role in the emergence of the Commonwealth. But in the Commonwealth despite the emphasis on the word of "common" the Organization is ineffective for problem solving and development of its members due to problems as lack of budget, absence of leading country and insufficiency of institutional structures. The current ineffectiveness of Commonwealth creates a growing problem of existence. At this point this study tried to provide solutions on the future of the Commonwealth based on concepts of "image" and "reality". Values such as democracy, rule of law and human rights come into prominence especially after the Cold War in the Commonwealth can be considered as an important development. But failure of allocation of values between rich and poor countries indicates us the Commonwealth is not able to convert "image" into "reality". With this aspect this study does not aspire to examine only the emergence of the Commonwealth and the institutional structure change within the Organization. In addition this study discusses how to make the Commonwealth effective in world politics considering the current problems of it. Ensuring the integrity of the study and to better understand British politician's policy preferences on the Commonwealth, the history of England, the foundation of the British Empire and decolonization process are also among the topics of this study.
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Dış ticaret istatistikleri yıllığı: Foreign trade statistics yearbook
ISSN: 0259-5338
Dış ticaret istatistikleri yıllığı: Foreign trade statistics yearbook
ISSN: 0259-5338
PKK Terör Örgütü'nün kuruluşu, faaliyetleri ve Türkiye'nin mücadele politikaları ; PKK Terrorist Organization, organization, operations and Turkey terror policies
Danışman: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ALİHAN LİMONCUOĞLU Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı Konu: Siyasal Bilimler = Political Science ; Türkiye'de terör problemi senelerce ülke gündeminde yerini korumuş ve korumaya devam etmektedir. Ülkemiz mevcut enerjisini bu konuya harcayarak politik, ekonomik ve toplumsam alanda amaçladıklarının oldukça gerisinde kalmıştır. Ülkemizin terör konusunda ortaya koyduğu mücadelede devamlılık sağlayamaması sebebiyle terör ülkemizin en büyük problemlerinden biri olmayı sürdürmektedir.Türkiye, yaklaşık otuz seneden daha uzun zamandır, türlü türlü terör eylemleriyle karşı karşıya kalmış ve bu saldırılar halen devam etmektedir. Türkiye'ye saldırılar düzenleyen terör örgütlerinin başında PKK terör örgütü gelmektedir. Ülkemizin konumu sebebiyle dünyada stratejik bir merkezde olması, bahsi geçen bu saldırıların en önemli sebeplerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'ye karşı uzun zamandır terör eylemlerinde bulunan PKK terör örgütünün kuruluşu, gerçekleştirdikleri eylemler ve tüm bunlara karşı Türkiye'nin uyguladığı müdahaleler incelenecektir ; Terrorism problem in Turkey that year and continues to protect and maintain its place on the national agenda. Our country has spent much of its energy on this subject, and it lags far behind in its political, economic and social context. Terrorism continues to be one of the biggest problems of our country due to the continuity of our country's fight against terrorism. Turkey has long been more nearly thirty years, has been faced with all sorts of acts of terrorism and these attacks are still continuing. At the beginning of the terrorist organization PKK attacks on Turkey comes regulate terrorist organization. Being a strategic center in the world because of the position of our country is one of the most important reasons of these attacks. In this study, a long time provider of the terrorist organization PKK against Turkey Located in terrorist activities, and they perform all actions against Turkey's intervention to implement them will be examined.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND COMBATTING TERRORISM
In: Milletlerarası münasebetler türk yıllığı: The Turkish yearbook of international relations, S. 075-096
Avrupa Birliği'ne Üyelik Süreci Kapsamında Yeni Bilgisayarlı Transit Sistemi Uygulamasının Transit Ticarete Etkileri İpsala Sınır Kapısı Örneği ; THE EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW COMPUTERISED TRANSIT SYSTEM (NCTS) ON TRANSIT TRADE: IPSALA BORDER GATE CASE
Türkiye küreselleşme yolunda Dünya Ticaret Örgütü gibi kuruluşlara üye olup önemli adımlar atarken bir yandan da Avrupa Birliği gibi bölgeselleşme hareketlerine katılmaya çalışarak dünya ekonomisindeki yerini yukarılara taşımayı hedeflemektedir. Dünya ekonomisinde üst sıralara yükselmek dış ticarette rekabet edebilirlikle paralel ilerlemektedir. Bunu sağlayacak unsurlardan biri ise dış ticaretin kolaylaştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Avrupa Birliği'ne üyelik süreci kapsamında Yeni Bilgisayarlı Transit Sistemi (NCTS) uygulamasının transit ticarete etkilerini İpsala Sınır Kapısı'nda yarı biçimsel mülakat yöntemi yardımıyla incelemektir. Çalışmada öncelikle transit rejiminin tanımı ve kapsamına yer verilecektir, ardından Türkiye'de uygulanmakta olan transit rejimi ayrıntılarıyla ortaya konulacaktır. Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) ortak ulaştırma politikası, NCTS kapsamında değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise İpsala Gümrük Kapısı'ndaki Yeni Bilgisayarlı Transit Sistemi (NCTS) uygulamaları mülakatlar yoluyla incelenerek, uygulamanın faydaları ve zayıf yönlerine değinilecektir. ; On the road to globalization, Turkey aims to increase its position in the world's economy by becoming a member of organizations such as World Trade Organization and by attempting to join regional integrations European Union. Climbing to high positions in the world's economy goes parallel with being competitive in foreign trade. One of the most important factors to enable this is to facilitate foreign trade. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the implementation of New Computerised Transit System (NCTS) at İpsala Border Gate in the European Union accession process with semi structured interview process. In the study firstly the definition and scope of the transit regime will be explained than the details of the transit regime that is being implemented in Turkey will be revealed. The European Union's (EU) common transport policy will be explained. In the last part of the study, interviews will be carried out on the implementation of NCTS at İpsala Border Gate. Finally the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation will be mentioned.
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İkili güven kavramının; birbirine rakip iki örgüt (işyeri-sendika) üzerinden incelenmesi ; Dual trust concept over two rival organizations (workplace- trade union); sample of health, energy and education sectors
Seymen, Oya Aytemiz (Balikesir Author) ; Araştırmanın Amacı: İlgili yazında güven kavramı ağırlıklı olarak tek yönlü olarak ele alınıp; örgütsel süreçlerdeki rolü incelenmiştir. İkili güven kavramını araştıran çalışmamızda, işgörenlerin hem örgüte hem de sendikaya bağlı olmaları nedeniyle, güvenin iki yönlü (sendika/örgüt) olarak incelenmesi ve bir tarafa duyulan güven ya da güvensizliğin diğer tarafı nasıl etkileyeceği, konusu önem taşımakta olup; ilgili yazında bu yetersizliğin belli ölçüde giderilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yazındaki bu boşluğu doldurabilmek için, bu çalışmada örgütsel güven kavramı iki yönlü olarak ele alınıp incelenecektir. Yöntem: Araştırmanın teorik kısmı ilgili yazın taraması ve yararlanılarak araştırma araştırması ise Enerji, Sağlık ve Eğitim olmak üzere üç farklı Kamu sektöründen 553 işgörene anket yöntemi kullanılarak tamamlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve LISREL istatistik programlarında temel ve ileri düzey (Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi) testlere tabi tutulmuş ve sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) analizi sonucuna göre örgütsel güven düzeyinin bütün alt boyutlarının, sendikaya güven düzeyindeki bütün alt boyutları pozitif şekilde etkilediği, sendika yöneticisine karşı olan güven düzeyinin sendikaya olan güveni pozitif yönde etkilediği ve en yüksek güven düzeyinin enerji sektöründe, en düşük ise eğitim sektöründe olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ; Objectives of the Research: In related literature, the concept of trust, approached from such one-way perspective, and its role in the organizational process, has thoroughly been discussed and studied. Our research aims to investigate the concept of dual trust, built upon experience of two-way relations and commitments of the employees towards both sides of their polarised environment to better reflect the character of these dual links with the organization on one, and the trade union, on the other side of this polar structure. Examining the issue of trust from this new perspective will allow to better establish, how exactly, the measure of confidence or distrust, existing in relation with any one side of such environment, can simultaneously be found affecting the relation of the employee with the other side of the organizational system. Thus existing theoretical deficiency is intended to be resolved upon the results of this study, to fill the gap in literature with concept of organizational trust, which comprises of extended model of analysis of these dual, simultaneous relations. Methods: The theoretical part of the study has been developed based on reviews of literature and in conjunction with conducted researches. Field research has been completed by using a questionnaire method, applied to 553 employees from three different public sectors: Energy, Health, and Education. Data obtained has been subjected to basic and advanced tests (Structural Equation Modeling) in SPSS and LISREL statistical software suites and results achieved were evaluated. Results: According to the results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, it is concluded that all the sub-dimensions of organizational trust level affect all the sub-dimensions of trust toward the trade union, the level of trust towards the union leaders, positively affects the trust towards the union itself and, that the highest levels of the trust in general, are seen in energy sector, while the lowest levels, within the scope of this research, respectively, are seen in the sector of educationroblem of the Research: If employees work in a situation of direct and simultaneous relations with two organizations (workplace and a trade union) which are both, competing with each other in conflict of interest. This situation, can be found in literature, described as a 'dual link' (Stagner, 1954). The necessity of maximizing organizational aims through relations with employees on both sides will be seen directly affecting the perceptions and behaviors of employees towards both of the organizations. Within such a context, the concept of 'organizational trust' will also have to be seen as linked to, and in either positive or negative manner affected by these dual links relations. However, when the relevant literature is examined, it is seen that this concept is discussed and approached, either as a trust to the union, or only to the workplace. The concept of trust of the employees, built upon the two conflicting influences and affected by rival organizations, not being previously examined as a concept of 'dual trust', can thus be highlighted, as the problem of this study. Objectives of the Research: In related literature, the concept of trust, approached from such one-way perspective, and its role in the organizational process, has thoroughly been discussed and studied. Our research aims to investigate the concept of dual trust, built upon experience of two-way relations and commitments of the employees towards both sides of their polarised environment to better reflect the character of these dual links with the organization on one, and the trade union, on the other side of this polar structure. Examining the issue of trust from this new perspective will allow to better establish, how exactly, the measure of confidence or distrust, existing in relation with any one side of such environment, can simultaneously be found affecting the relation of the employee with the other side of the organizational system. Thus existing theoretical deficiency is intended to be resolved upon the results of this study, to fill the gap in literature with concept of organizational trust, which comprises of extended model of analysis of these dual, simultaneous relations. Methods: The theoretical part of the study has been developed based on reviews of literature and in conjunction with conducted researches. Field research has been completed by using a questionnaire method, applied to 553 employees from three different public sectors: Energy, Health, and Education. Data obtained has been subjected to basic and advanced tests (Structural Equation Modeling) in SPSS and LISREL statistical software suites and results achieved were evaluated. Results: In this study, how the employees' level of trust towards two organizations (Trade Union/Work Place) which are in conflict of interest influence the other is attempted to be determined with 'dual trust' approach. In this context, these following conclusions have been reached. It is found that there is a positive relationship between three sub- dimensions of the trust level to the organization and three subdimensions of the trust level to the trade union as a result of an analysis of all the variables through Structural Equation Model. According to this result it is concluded that the level of trust to the organization has a positive effect on the level of trust to the union. These results demonstrate us that being connected to two rival organizations improves perception of trust to the both sides. Apart from this study in related literature, because there isn't a study related to dual trust, making a comparison hasn't been possible. However, Stagner (1954) who asserts dual trust points that two-way commitment shapes with the tendency of perceiving organizations and trade unions as a whole and the tendency of trusting to the both organizations when the working conditions are good. Additionally, the level of trust to the union management's positive influence on the trust to the union is another new relation discovered in this study of research. With reference to this result, it is seen that trust to the manager is the key role in achieving trust to the organization. In the research, it is found that the average level of trust of the employees to the union is , the average level of trust to the work place is . On the other hand, according to the 2000 World Values Survey results (www.bahcesehir.edu.tr) it is indicated that trust towards union is ; trust towards organization . The research has been conducted in three different institutions. Among these institutions, energy sector has the highest level of trust, the second one is health sector and the third one is education sector. The reason of having the lowest level of trust in education sector can be having a higher level of education in comparison with other sectors. Because most of the teachers have bachelor's degree and the lowest level of trust belongs to the bachelor's in our study. Through this study, which is considered the Pioneer study in this area of work, dealing with concept of Dual Trust within three different concepts and improving models with reference to the issue have reached important conclusions. On the other side, by virtue of lack of study on 'dual trust' has not permitted to do a literal comparison. This case can be shown one of the restrictions of this study of research.
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İKİLİ GÜVEN KAVRAMININ; BİRBİRİNE RAKİP İKİ ÖRGÜT (İŞYERİ-SENDİKA) ÜZERİNDEN İNCELENMESİ ; DUAL TRUST CONCEPT OVER TWO RIVAL ORGANIZATIONS (WORKPLACE- TRADE UNION); SAMPLE OF HEALTH, ENERGY AND EDUCATION SECTORS
Araştırmanın Amacı: İlgili yazında güven kavramı ağırlıklı olarak tek yönlü olarak ele alınıp; örgütsel süreçlerdeki rolü incelenmiştir. İkili güven kavramını araştıran çalışmamızda, işgörenlerin hem örgüte hem de sendikaya bağlı olmaları nedeniyle, güvenin iki yönlü (sendika/örgüt) olarak incelenmesi ve bir tarafa duyulan güven ya da güvensizliğin diğer tarafı nasıl etkileyeceği, konusu önem taşımakta olup; ilgili yazında bu yetersizliğin belli ölçüde giderilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yazındaki bu boşluğu doldurabilmek için, bu çalışmada örgütsel güven kavramı iki yönlü olarak ele alınıp incelenecektir. Yöntem: Araştırmanın teorik kısmı ilgili yazın taraması ve yararlanılarak araştırma araştırması ise Enerji, Sağlık ve Eğitim olmak üzere üç farklı Kamu sektöründen 553 işgörene anket yöntemi kullanılarak tamamlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve LISREL istatistik programlarında temel ve ileri düzey (Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi) testlere tabi tutulmuş ve sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) analizi sonucuna göre örgütsel güven düzeyinin bütün alt boyutlarının, sendikaya güven düzeyindeki bütün alt boyutları pozitif şekilde etkilediği, sendika yöneticisine karşı olan güven düzeyinin sendikaya olan güveni pozitif yönde etkilediği ve en yüksek güven düzeyinin enerji sektöründe, en düşük ise eğitim sektöründe olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ; Objectives of the Research: In related literature, the concept of trust, approached from such one-way perspective, and its role in the organizational process, has thoroughly been discussed and studied. Our research aims to investigate the concept of dual trust, built upon experience of two-way relations and commitments of the employees towards both sides of their polarised environment to better reflect the character of these dual links with the organization on one, and the trade union, on the other side of this polar structure. Examining the issue of trust from this new perspective will allow to better establish, how exactly, the measure of confidence or distrust, existing in relation with any one side of such environment, can simultaneously be found affecting the relation of the employee with the other side of the organizational system. Thus existing theoretical deficiency is intended to be resolved upon the results of this study, to fill the gap in literature with concept of organizational trust, which comprises of extended model of analysis of these dual, simultaneous relations. Methods: The theoretical part of the study has been developed based on reviews of literature and in conjunction with conducted researches. Field research has been completed by using a questionnaire method, applied to 553 employees from three different public sectors: Energy, Health, and Education. Data obtained has been subjected to basic and advanced tests (Structural Equation Modeling) in SPSS and LISREL statistical software suites and results achieved were evaluated. Results: According to the results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, it is concluded that all the sub-dimensions of organizational trust level affect all the sub-dimensions of trust toward the trade union, the level of trust towards the union leaders, positively affects the trust towards the union itself and, that the highest levels of the trust in general, are seen in energy sector, while the lowest levels, within the scope of this research, respectively, are seen in the sector of educationroblem of the Research: If employees work in a situation of direct and simultaneous relations with two organizations (workplace and a trade union) which are both, competing with each other in conflict of interest. This situation, can be found in literature, described as a 'dual link' (Stagner, 1954). The necessity of maximizing organizational aims through relations with employees on both sides will be seen directly affecting the perceptions and behaviors of employees towards both of the organizations. Within such a context, the concept of 'organizational trust' will also have to be seen as linked to, and in either positive or negative manner affected by these dual links relations. However, when the relevant literature is examined, it is seen that this concept is discussed and approached, either as a trust to the union, or only to the workplace. The concept of trust of the employees, built upon the two conflicting influences and affected by rival organizations, not being previously examined as a concept of 'dual trust', can thus be highlighted, as the problem of this study. Objectives of the Research: In related literature, the concept of trust, approached from such one-way perspective, and its role in the organizational process, has thoroughly been discussed and studied. Our research aims to investigate the concept of dual trust, built upon experience of two-way relations and commitments of the employees towards both sides of their polarised environment to better reflect the character of these dual links with the organization on one, and the trade union, on the other side of this polar structure. Examining the issue of trust from this new perspective will allow to better establish, how exactly, the measure of confidence or distrust, existing in relation with any one side of such environment, can simultaneously be found affecting the relation of the employee with the other side of the organizational system. Thus existing theoretical deficiency is intended to be resolved upon the results of this study, to fill the gap in literature with concept of organizational trust, which comprises of extended model of analysis of these dual, simultaneous relations. Methods: The theoretical part of the study has been developed based on reviews of literature and in conjunction with conducted researches. Field research has been completed by using a questionnaire method, applied to 553 employees from three different public sectors: Energy, Health, and Education. Data obtained has been subjected to basic and advanced tests (Structural Equation Modeling) in SPSS and LISREL statistical software suites and results achieved were evaluated. Results: In this study, how the employees' level of trust towards two organizations (Trade Union/Work Place) which are in conflict of interest influence the other is attempted to be determined with 'dual trust' approach. In this context, these following conclusions have been reached. It is found that there is a positive relationship between three sub- dimensions of the trust level to the organization and three subdimensions of the trust level to the trade union as a result of an analysis of all the variables through Structural Equation Model. According to this result it is concluded that the level of trust to the organization has a positive effect on the level of trust to the union. These results demonstrate us that being connected to two rival organizations improves perception of trust to the both sides. Apart from this study in related literature, because there isn't a study related to dual trust, making a comparison hasn't been possible. However, Stagner (1954) who asserts dual trust points that two-way commitment shapes with the tendency of perceiving organizations and trade unions as a whole and the tendency of trusting to the both organizations when the working conditions are good. Additionally, the level of trust to the union management's positive influence on the trust to the union is another new relation discovered in this study of research. With reference to this result, it is seen that trust to the manager is the key role in achieving trust to the organization. In the research, it is found that the average level of trust of the employees to the union is , the average level of trust to the work place is . On the other hand, according to the 2000 World Values Survey results (www.bahcesehir.edu.tr) it is indicated that trust towards union is ; trust towards organization . The research has been conducted in three different institutions. Among these institutions, energy sector has the highest level of trust, the second one is health sector and the third one is education sector. The reason of having the lowest level of trust in education sector can be having a higher level of education in comparison with other sectors. Because most of the teachers have bachelor's degree and the lowest level of trust belongs to the bachelor's in our study. Through this study, which is considered the Pioneer study in this area of work, dealing with concept of Dual Trust within three different concepts and improving models with reference to the issue have reached important conclusions. On the other side, by virtue of lack of study on 'dual trust' has not permitted to do a literal comparison. This case can be shown one of the restrictions of this study of research.
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