Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems (CREWS) is a project funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 677758), and based in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge. Understanding Relations Between Scripts II: Early Alphabets is the first volume in this series, bringing together ten experts on ancient writing, languages and archaeology to present a set of diverse studies on the early development of alphabetic writing systems and their spread across the Levant and Mediterranean during the second and first millennia BC. By taking an interdisciplinary perspective, it sheds new light on alphabetic writing not just as a tool for recording language but also as an element of culture.
The revisionist trend away from the materialist & dialectical method of classical critical theory is explored as it has developed in the works of Jurgen Habermas. His theories are tracked from their roots in Western Marxism, to their present manifestation in neofunctionalist systems theory. An evaluation of the adequacy of the political economy within Habermas's present sociological theory is presented, together with the synthetic limits of his systems theory & the possibilities that recent advances in the theory of dissipative systems offer critical theory. 28 References. D. Dennis
"The idea that the digital age has revolutionized our day-to-day experience of the world is nothing new, and has been amply recognized by cultural historians. In contrast, Stephen Robertson's BC: Before Computers is a work which questions the idea that the mid-twentieth century saw a single moment of rupture. It is about all the things that we had to learn, invent, and understand – all the ways we had to evolve our thinking – before we could enter the information technology revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. Its focus ranges from the beginnings of data processing, right back to such originary forms of human technology as the development of writing systems, gathering a whole history of revolutionary moments in the development of information technologies into a single, although not linear narrative.
Treading the line between philosophy and technical history, Robertson draws on his extensive technical knowledge to produce a text which is both thought-provoking and accessible to a wide range of readers. The book is wide in scope, exploring the development of technologies in such diverse areas as cryptography, visual art and music, and the postal system. Through all this, it does not simply aim to tell the story of computer developments but to show that those developments rely on a long history of humans creating technologies for increasingly sophisticated methods of manipulating information.
Through a clear structure and engaging style, it brings together a wealth of informative and conceptual explorations into the history of human technologies, and avoids assumptions about any prior knowledge on the part of the reader. As such, it has the potential to be of interest to the expert and the general reader alike."
В данной статье рассматривается случай изобретения логографического письма чукчей Тыневилем в 1920-е гг. Данный феномен анализируется не с лингвистической, а с антропологической точки зрения, то есть цель работы состоит в том, чтобы приблизиться к пониманию того, как письмо использовалось, каковы были предпосылки и следствия этого использования и социально-культурный контекст его изобретения и функционирования. Обращение к биографии Тыневиля и исторической ситуации второй четверти XX в. на Чукотке позволяет сделать вывод, что письмо стало своего рода компромиссом для создателя, формой диалога с государством, попыткой приспособиться к социальным изменениям, происходившим на Чукотке в то время. Тыневиль, подражая знаковой системе «другой культуры», в результате создал альтернативную чукотскую, «свою». ; This paper investigates the case of the a Chukchi man, Tynevil, and his invention of a writing system in 1920s. The phenomenon is analyzed not from a linguistic, but rather from an anthropological point of view. The goal of the article is to approach an understanding of how the writing was used, what the causes and consequences of this use were, and what the sociocultural context of its invention and application was. I interpret the data about Tynevil and his signs by using micro-historical approach. An analysis of Tynevil's biography and historical context during the second quarter of the XX century leads to the conclusion that the invention was a kind of compromise for the creator, a form of the dialogue with the Soviet state, and an attempt to adapt to the social changes that were taking place in the Chukotka region at that time. In the context of the Chukchi's wary and sometimes hostile attitude toward Russians' capacity to write and moreover forcible liquidation of illiteracy among local people, Tynevil created written signs himself. Imitating the writing systems of "other cultures", he ultimately created an alternative one the Chukchi's "own" writing.
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
International audience ; : Too few scholars are dedicated to Occitan studies. There are a lot of reasons for such a situation, among which the social and political status of the language is not the least. Occitan studies also are affected by a split in the research attitudes and conceptions. Specifically, there is no regular continuity between works describing dialectal varieties and works contributing to corpus planning, even when the former ones don't undervalue the language status and the latter ones don't ignore dialect complexity. We shall not try here to analyse the reasons for this difficult cooperation. We only want make it clear, on the basis of a few examples, that the orthographic codification of Occitan not only has a practical relevance (allowing to write, use and teach the language), but also is a valuable scientific and descriptive tool . In order to do so, we shall first explain the principles of the so-called "classical" Occitan orthography and we shall then indicate how lemmatizing on the basis of this notation strongly helps organize, from inside the language, the huge wealth of lexical and morphological data included in Thesaurus Occitan (THESOC, cf. Dalbera 1998 and for an online sample : http://thesaurus.unice.fr/). ; Les études occitanes souffrent d'un manque de chercheurs. Les causes en sont multiples et ne sont pas étrangères au statut social et politique de la langue. Les études occitanes souffrent de plus d'une segmentation des pratiques et des réflexions. Spécifiquement, la circulation n'est pas facile entre la description des variétés dialectales de l'occitan (même pénétrée de la dignité de la langue) et la codification (même bien informée de la réalité dialectale). Notre propos n'est pas ici d'analyser les raisons de ces dysfonctionnements, mais de montrer par l'exemple que la codification graphique de l'occitan a une utilité scientifique et descriptive, en plus de sa pertinence pratique première (écrire, utiliser et enseigner la langue) . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons ici la ...
Writing as Material Practice grapples with the issue of writing as a form of material culture in its ancient and more recent manifestations, and in the contexts of production and consumption. Fifteen case studies explore the artefactual nature of writing — the ways in which materials, techniques, colour, scale, orientation and visibility inform the creation of inscribed objects and spaces, as well as structure subsequent engagement, perception and meaning making. Covering a temporal span of some 5000 years, from c.3200 BCE to the present day, and ranging in spatial context from the Americas to the Near East, the chapters in this volume bring a variety of perspectives which contribute to both specific and broader questions of writing materialities. The authors also aim to place past graphical systems in their social contexts so they can be understood in relation to the people who created and attributed meaning to writing and associated symbolic modes through a diverse array of individual and wider social practices. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/bai)
Ill's theory of the taxation of land -- Kant's critique of judgment -- Some neglected points in the theory of socialism -- Bohm-Bawerk's definition of capital and the source of wages -- The food supply and the price of wheat -- Review of the land-systems of British India by B.H. Baden-Powell -- Review of der Parlamentarismus, die Volksgesetzgebung und die Socialdemokratie by Karl Kautsky -- The economic theory of women's dress -- Review of misere de la philosophie by Karl Marx and review of socialisme et science positive by Enrico Ferri -- Review of Einfuhrung in den Socialismus by Richard Calwer -- Review of essais sur la conception materialiste de l'histoire by Antonio Labriola -- Review of die marxistische socialdemokratic by Max Lorenz -- Review of uber einige Grundfragen der Socialpolitik und der Volkswirtschaftslehre by Gustav Schmoller -- Review of aristocracy and evolution : a study of the rights, the origins, and the social functions of the wealthier classes by William H. Mallock -- Why is economics not an evolutionary science? -- The instinct of workmanship and the irksomeness of labor : the beginnings of ownership -- The barbarian status of women -- The preconceptions of economic science, parts I, II, III (1899-1900) -- Review of the development of English thought : a study in the economic interpretation of history by Simon N. Patten -- The theory of the leisure class : an economic study in the evolution of institutions, Chapter 8 -- Mr. Cummings's strictures on "the theory of the leisure class" -- Review of social laws : an outline of sociology by Gabriel Tarde -- Industrial and pecuniary employments -- Gustav Schmoller's economics -- Review of psychologie economique by Gabriel Tarde -- Review of Der moderne Kapitalismus by Werner Sombart -- Review of pure sociology : a treatise concerning the origin and spontaneous development of society by Lester Ward -- The theory of business enterprise, Chapter 7 -- The place of science in modern civilization -- The socialist economics of Karl Marx and his followers, Parts I and 2 (1906-7) -- Professor Clark's economics -- On the nature of capital, Parts I and II -- The evolution of the scientific point of view -- Fisher's capital and income (1908) and fisher's rate of interest -- The limitations of marginal utility -- The mutation theory and the blond race -- The instinct of workmanship, and the state of the industrial arts (1914), preface, chapter 1, and Part of Chapter 2.