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The Pilgrims and Puritans did not arrive on the shores of New England alone. Nor did African men and women, brought to the Americas as slaves. Though it would be hard to tell from the historical record, European colonists and African slaves had children, as did the indigenous families whom they encountered, and those children's life experiences enrich and complicate our understanding of colonial America. Through essays, primary documents, and contemporary illustrations, Children in Colonial America examines the unique aspects of childhood in the American colonies between the late sixteenth a

Young people show very high and intensive levels of social networks use. However, users have different levels of involvement as regards their degree of interactivity in these platforms. Supported by uses and gratifications theory and applying a factor analysis, the motivations that explain their participation in several profiles of social networks and differences between those who do and those who do not comment are analysed. Based on a self-administered survey of 461 young university students, the main conclusions include the diversity of nuances in the combinations of reasons that explain participation in different types of profiles on social networks; particularly worth highlighting are the similarities between profiles of NGOs and those of celebrities. Also of note is the tendency of users who comment on commercial, political, social and leisure profiles to display motivations linked to searching for information, being useful, influencing others, interacting and showing adhesion, depending on the sphere. ; Los jóvenes muestran niveles de usos de redes sociales muy altos e intensivos. Sin embargo, los usuarios difieren en los niveles de participación en cuanto a su grado de interactividad en estas plataformas. Apoyado en la teoría de usos y gratificaciones y aplicando un análisis factorial, se analizan las motivaciones que explican su participación en diversos perfiles de redes sociales y las diferencias entre quienes comentan y quienes no lo hacen. Mediante una encuesta autoadministrada a 461 jóvenes universitarios, se concluye la diversidad en las razones que explican la participación en tipos diferentes perfiles en redes sociales, destacando las similitudes entre los perfiles de las ONG y los de las celebridades. También se observa una mayor tendencia de los usuarios que comentan en los perfiles comerciales, políticos, sociales y de ocio a mostrar motivaciones relacionadas con la búsqueda de información, ser útiles, influir en los demás, interactuar y mostrar adhesión, según la esfera.

1987 wurden 1.928 junge Berufstätige in der DDR zur Jugendorganisation FDJ befragt. Untersuchungschwerpunkte waren: Erwartungen an die FDJ in den Bereichen Interessenvertretung im Betrieb, politisch-ideologische Arbeit und Freizeit, Erfahrungen bei der Teilnahme an Diskussionen und Veranstaltungen, Ausmaß der aktiven Mitarbeit. Als Grundtendenz wird festgestellt: "Die Mehrzahl der jungen Werktätigen identifiziert sich nicht oder nur mit Einschränkungen mit den in der FDJ vorgefundenen politischen Bedingungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung." Als entscheidendes praktisches Problem erwies sich das Niveau der innerverbandlichen Demokratie, nur 9% der Jugendlichen ohne Leitungsfunktionen sehen in der FDJ einen engagierten Vertreter ihrer Interessen. 95% der Befragten erwarten in stärkerem Maße, daß sich die FDJ für die Klärung berechtigter Kritik an der betrieblichen Arbeit einsetzen solle. Außerordentlich hoch ist auch das Interesse, "vermittelt über die FDJ ins sozialistische bzw. kapitalistsiche Ausland zu reisen". (psz)

In the present article the specific functions and major tasks of the regional theater for the young spectators are given, identified the problems associated with its activities in the concrete cultural epoch. The author analyzes the specific activities of the theater for the young spectators in the Eastern part of Ukraine, as well as, his own creative achievements among the staff. The most important is to determine the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators as a professional theater for children and youth. Taking into consideration this statement, it is necessary to educate young people and form their aesthetic concepts and ideas. The theater for the young spectators can influence, by its specific means, the relationship depth and appreciate the uniqueness of human beings, nature, culture and society. The current state of Ukrainian society is defined by quantitative and qualitative transformations that affect the cultural sector and its components. Among them is the field of a theater, where the social change is the most marked or not. Unfortunately, many Ukrainian theaters underwent many transformations during the period of "perestroika". While studying the phenomenon of the children's theater in Ukrainian culture it is important to determine the place and role of the national theater in the contemporary social and cultural progress of society with new social realities that significantly affect the creative and artistic production activity groups and to analyze the mutual influence and interdependence of cultural and social spheres. The state mast be interested in the activities of the theatrical institutions, expand their network, that includes the issue of theater in social and cultural programs that meet the purposes of the cultural policy. Today's reality makes it possible to conclude that the lack of assessment of public institutions of the theater, as a mean of education, leads to the lack of stimulation of the given area. It is significant that the existence of state taxation of the new productions and programs hampers the expansion of the theater repertoire. Similar problems exist at the regional level, because of the lack of support from the cultural institutions and institutions of regional administration, the local theater has to deal with solving different problems concerning: economic profitability, lack of dramatic material, lack of special training institutions, which slowdown its development, and cannot disclose the potential of the art directors and directors or the company of actors. The main problem with the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators in Donbass is that it functions in the regional cultural environment. And one more interesting fact – the theater has a bilingual repertoire. The Theater repertory policy gives attention both to the topical reading of Russian, Ukrainian and world classics, as well as, modern drama. The theatre uses different ways of engaging and educating its audience, including questionnaires, "The Spectator Board performance targets" for apprenticeship and students, different theater festivals. By means of the following activities in the analyzed region of Ukraine, which is characterized by the diversity of the population, ethnic and confessional groups the spectators must take into account these specific characteristics. The purpose of Donetsk Russian Theatre for the young spectators, which operates in Makeyevka, is the realization of public cultural programs in accordance with its principles and creating theatrical productions, organizing cultural events, preserve and enhance national, universal and cultural heritage. The main task of the educational theater is to create a humane and aesthetically correct perception of the world among the younger generation, based on the eternal values of faith, hope, love, attracting young people to the world of art and beauty. To solve this problem the theatre prefers to take the performances from the classics of the world literature and meet high cultural and aesthetic requirements and do not contradict the secular needs of the audience. Since 2007, the theater's management has chosen the way of updating and enriching the company of young actors, this helps to create the performances based on classical works for children and youth – "The Centerville Ghost" by O.Wilde, "The Red Chief" by O'Henry, "Romeo and Juliet" W. Shakespeare, "The Night before Christmas" by M. Gogol. In recent years, the theater has taken part in several international projects aimed at improving the actors' professional skills. In 2007, a group of young theater actors were invited by the Russia Union of the theatrical figures to take part in the number of master classes in Moscow. Thus we may say that the Regional Russian theater for the young spectators has to solve a number of problems in order to gain its main goals. The problems are: the lack of governmental funding for the development of the creative initiatives, as a result of this, financial difficulties, staffing issues related to the lack of professional training in the regional institutions; constant need to expand the range of activities, so as to involve a wide range of the dwellers of the region into dramatic art; overcome the total imposing of the other types of entertainment that a modern leisure market offers. This may be quite far from the arts and educational challenges that the theatre wants to face. In other words, popularization the theatrical art among the dwellers of the region. Operating in the region, the leaders of the Regional Theatre for the young spectators work in the following directions: they update the theater repertoire, accept the young artists, open the youth theater studio, monitor the viewers' interest in theater's performances, take part in festivals and international programs. ; В данной статье определены специфические функции и основные задачи регионального детского театра в современной Украине, обозначены проблемы, связанные с его деятельностью в определенной культурной эпо- хе, в частности материальные потребности театральных коллективов Украины в расширении своей художест- венной деятельности. Автор анализирует конкретные направления деятельности детского театра в восточном регионе, творческие достижения его коллектива, направления работы по ознакомлению детей и юношества с лучшими достижениями театрального искусства. ; У статті визначені специфічні функції та основні завдання регіонального дитячого театру в сучасній Україні, окреслено проблеми, пов'язані з його діяльністю в певній культурній епосі, зокрема матеріальні потреби театральних колективів України в розширенні своєї мистецької діяльності. Автор аналізує конкретні напрями діяльності дитячого театру в східноукраїнському регіоні, творчі досягнення його колективу, напрями роботи з ознайомлення дітей та юнацтва з кращими здобутками театрального мистецтва.

AbstractYouth organizing within the institutional context of community‐based organizations has grown exponentially. Drawing on interviews with more than eighty organizers, youth, and educators, this article examines young people's experiences as they organize to expand educational opportunities for themselves and their peers in urban school districts. The authors explore educator responses to youth organizing and analyze how race‐ and class‐based assumptions about youth leadership, as well as differing cultural norms between schools and youth organizing groups, pose challenges for young people fighting for education reform. The authors describe three strategies youth organizing groups use to address these challenges: intensive leadership development, targeted relationship building with district administrators, and alliance building. Implications for both educators and youth organizing groups are discussed.

The recent conflict in Côte d'Ivoire has led to the militarization of many young civilians on both belligerent sides, especially in the west of the country. What is of particular interest is that many of these youths have assumed a function of "commuting" conscripts, alternating periods of semi-military work, where they had to report to some kind of warlike hierarchy, with periods at home where they were back to a quasi daily routine. This became particularly characteristic as the Ivoirian war evolved into a situation of "no peace, no war" with sporadic violence still occurring, but only at certain periods and within specific settings. This book is an in-depth examination of the different processes that led to their militarization and demilitarization, in a context where borders between the military, civilian, and humanitarian arenas have never been strict, and have varied according to conflict phases, individuals social networks and extent of locality of the recruitment. ; Le récent conflit en Côte d'Ivoire a conduit à la militarisation de nombreux jeunes civils des deux côtés des forces en présence, et en particulier dans l'ouest du pays. Le fait que beaucoup de ces jeunes aient en quelque sorte fait la navette entre des périodes de service semi-militaire et des périodes de retour à la maison, durant lesquelles ils revenaient à une quasi routine, s'est révélé d'un intérêt tout particulier. Cette situation est devenue particulièrement caractéristique de la région de l'ouest quand le conflit ivoirien a évolué en une situation de "ni paix ni guerre", avec des cas de violence sporadiques qui intervenaient à certaines périodes et dans des contextes très particuliers. Cette étude est un examen approfondi des différents processus qui ont conduit à la militarisation et à la démilitarisation des recrues de base, dans un contexte où les frontières entre les sphères militaire, civil et humanitaire n'ont jamais été claires, et ont varié en fonction des phases de conflit, des réseaux sociaux de chacun et du caractère plus ...

AbstractCoproduction provides an approach to youth development that advocates enabling youth to use the skills they have to help others, honoring that contribution with rewards, and using the process of helping others as an opportunity for youth to gain skills that are critical to the realization of their potential.

Summary (analytical) This article highlights the existence of a cross-cutting element in the relationship of youth with the public sphere, which contributes to a better understanding of the nature of its political expressions: the assimilation of a certain peripheral position imposed within the social area. The idea of social space, and in particular that of periphery, contributes to the coherence of certain phenomena and trends in the socio-political mobilisation of youth as a whole. To this end, three youth movements that emerged in Barcelona in 2019, in which young people played a particular role, were analysed. The differences and similarities between the three movements show the versatility of the concept of periphery, which serves to visualise the vital precariousness that identifies a whole generation, beyond its differences. ; Resumen (analítico) Este artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de un elemento transversal en la relación de la juventud con la esfera pública, que contribuye a comprender mejor la naturaleza de sus expresiones políticas: la asimilación de una cierta posición periférica impuesta dentro del espacio social. La idea de espacio social, y en particular la de periferia, contribuyen a dar coherencia a determinados fenómenos y tendencias de la movilización sociopolítica de la juventud en su conjunto. Para ello, se analizan tres movimientos juveniles surgidos en Barcelona durante el año 2019, en los que la juventud tuvo especial protagonismo. Las diferencias y similitudes entre los tres movimientos muestran la versatilidad de la noción de periferia, que sirve para visualizar la precariedad vital que identifica a toda una generación, más allá de sus diferencias.

Youth engagement is the least researched, but potentially most important, aspect of participation in afterschool programs. The level of youth engagement can vary across programs, across youth within a program, and within individual youth over time. Engagement is important for both recruiting and retaining participants, and has been associated with more positive academic outcomes over time. This chapter integrates perspectives from practitioners, researchers, and the school engagement literature. Reasons why engagement is an important dimension of afterschool programming, different methods for assessing engagement, key features of engaging afterschool programs, and implications for practice are also outlined.

This dissertation focused on how youth in post-conflict and conflict prone communities directly and indirectly promote the right to life, liberty and security of person through grassroots youth empowerment initiatives and organizations. The research was centered on both a theoretical analysis of youth empowerment and peace education and as a case study focuses on one particular organization in the Mathare Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya by the name of Maji Mazuri. Through a two month field work experience in Nairobi, this thesis sought to develop a better understanding of the importance of grassroots organizations in communities experiencing conflict or which are conflict prone. As the residents of Mathare informal settlements experienced a high volume of violent conflict during the months that followed the election in December 2007, this case was at the core of my study. The field work focused on an ethnographic analysis which took the form of observation, informal and semi-formal conversation with staff members of the organization, youth group members, and others. The findings of the research reveal that while theoretical frameworks provide an important base, cultural, social, political, and economic context dictate the successes, and failures of grassroots organizations seeking to empower youth. These same conditions also hinder the use of human rights discourse in post-conflict youth empowerment schemes. Youth are mostly targeted in times of conflict because of their vulnerability due to social structures, unemployment, and poverty. However, targeting youth is not sufficient, empowerment and peace building initiatives must also include those involved with and pertaining to the political and social structures of the community, in the case of Mathare these are the village elders and chiefs. In order to increase outreach, trust, and understanding the implemented strategies must be developed alongside and by members of the affected community. This is a precondition for success in communities such as the Mathare informal settlements. The dissertation aims to broaden the discussion on post-conflict reconstruction to include grassroots organizations targeting youth, and aspires to bring to light the positivity and hope which pour throughout post-conflict and conflict prone communities.