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Master i universell utforming av IKT ; Intergovernmental organizations recognize that people with (dis)abilities experience discrimination in intersections between oppressive system. For example, the European Union has adopted the term "multiple discrimination" to describe discrimination on several grounds(Schiek & Lawson, 2011) In the recent years, researchers within Universal Design of ICT has started to apply intersectional-type methods to investigate the implications of these intersections in accessibility (Giannoumis & Skjerve, 2020; Giannoumis & Stein, 2019; Skjerve, Giannoumis, & Naseem, 2016) This thesis presents result from a study consisting of interviews with persons that holds intersectional identities. The findings show that persons with intersectional barriers experience unique barriers in relation to cost and affordability, exclusion and online aggression and learnability. It uses a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach to propose a model depicting intersectional barriers as a combination of instances and processes. The findings in this thesis can give direction to future research and inform development- and policy making processes through identifying points of interest where persons with intersectional identities experiences barriers. ; publishedVersion

This is for everyone: documenting how we rebuild inclusive digital services across government

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 7(10), 2016 ; Despite the importance of web accessibility in recent years, websites remain partially or completely inaccessible to certain sectors of the population. This is due to several reasons, including web developers' little or no experience in accessibility and the lack of accurate information about the best ways to quickly and easily identify accessibility problems using different Accessibility Evaluation Methods (AEMs). This paper surveys accessibility literature and presents a general overview of the primary challenges of accessibility barriers on websites. In this sense, we critically investigate main challenges forms related to accessibility including standards and guidelines (WCAG 2.0), during website's design and development and during evaluation. Finally, a set of recommendations such as enforcing accessibility legislations are presented to overcome some challenges. ; http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume7No10/Paper_23-Web_Accessibility_Challenges.pdf

With almost half of the developing world turning 'urban', it becomes a major challenge for the local self-governments to assure availability and accessibility of basic infrastructural facilities to citizens at affordable rates. The issues of accessibility become especially complicated in the cities of Global South as 'accessibility' is highly politicized and governed by various forces that shape social, cultural and economic hierarchies. The city space not only experiences spatial segregation but also a peculiarly linked social segregation that runs along ethnic identities creating conditions of social and economic polarization at not only macro level as well as at micro levels within slums that house lower income groups (LIG) and economically weaker sections (EWS). The conditions of inaccessibility decisively affect the wellbeing of these groups leading to erosion of social and mental wellbeing. The effective implementation of various welfare schemes also mostly remains inadequate due to the highly complicated nature of 'inaccessibility' and lack of transparency. For effective implementation of various welfare schemes, the government has already moved towards 'e-governance'. Ironically, the use of 'smart' technology remains restricted to higher income groups and the LIG and EWS gets excluded again due to lack of knowledge. In fact, these sections of urban population who suffer absolutely due to conditions of 'inaccessibility' need to be trained and involved in measuring the levels of accessibility and improving access to various basic infrastructural facilities. The paper will attempt at introducing a module that is based in simpler technologies like ODK (open data kit) and Quantum GIS to train the slum residents in mapping the accessibility vis-à-vis basic infrastructural facilities and improve the accessibility through positive deliberations with the local selfgovernments.

With almost half of the developing world turning 'urban', it becomes a major challenge for the local self-governments to assure availability and accessibility of basic infrastructural facilities to citizens at affordable rates. The issues of accessibility become especially complicated in the cities of Global South as 'accessibility' is highly politicized and governed by various forces that shape social, cultural and economic hierarchies. The city space not only experiences spatial segregation but also a peculiarly linked social segregation that runs along ethnic identities creating conditions of social and economic polarization at not only macro level as well as at micro levels within slums that house lower income groups (LIG) and economically weaker sections (EWS). The conditions of inaccessibility decisively affect the wellbeing of these groups leading to erosion of social and mental wellbeing. The effective implementation of various welfare schemes also mostly remains inadequate due to the highly complicated nature of 'inaccessibility' and lack of transparency. For effective implementation of various welfare schemes, the government has already moved towards 'e-governance'. Ironically, the use of 'smart' technology remains restricted to higher income groups and the LIG and EWS gets excluded again due to lack of knowledge. In fact, these sections of urban population who suffer absolutely due to conditions of 'inaccessibility' need to be trained and involved in measuring the levels of accessibility and improving access to various basic infrastructural facilities. The paper will attempt at introducing a module that is based in simpler technologies like ODK (open data kit) and Quantum GIS to train the slum residents in mapping the accessibility vis-à-vis basic infrastructural facilities and improve the accessibility through positive deliberations with the local selfgovernments.

We analyze the effect of competition in market-accessibility enhancement among quality-differentiated firms. Firms are located in regions with different ex-ante transport costs to reach the final market. We characterize the equilibrium of the two-stage game in which firms first invest to improve market accessibility and then compete in prices. Efforts in accessibility improvement crucially depend on the interplay between the willingness to pay for the quality premium of the median consumer and the ex-ante difference in accessibility between regions. From the social standpoint, all the accessibility investment should be carried out by the high-quality firm. Finally quality choice is endogenized.

Traditional accessibility evaluation fails to fully capture the travel costs, especially the external costs, of travel. This study develops a full cost accessibility (FCA) framework by combining the internal and external cost components of travel time, safety, emissions, and money. The example illustrated compares FCA by automobile and bicycle on a toy network to demonstrate the potential and practicality of applying the FCA framework on real networks. This method provides an efficient evaluation tool for transport planning projects.

This essay argues that many of the assumptions that have been made about sprawl are misleading or just wrong. Nowhere has this been more the case than in debates about transportation and access. Because of this, it is not surprising that a good many of the policies advocated by proponents of Smart Growth would almost certainly lead to reduced mobility and impaired accessibility for a large part of the population. At very least, the debates over sprawl have pitted private vs. public transportation in a way that has contributed to serious underfunding of transportation infrastructure of all kinds.

Accessibility - Laws and Regulations There are some binding documents on international level which serve as base for accessibility legislation. Here I present them as well as some countries' specific laws.

Schwierigkeiten der Barrierefreiheit im Alltag für Menschen mit Behinderungen. Wahrnehmung des verbesserten Zugangs zu Waren und Dienstleistungen. Einstellung zu Barrierefreiheit.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines apply to public sector mobile apps. The Accessibility Monitoring team shares its approach to app testing.