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Transitions, democratization and recent democratic backsliding in CEE provide
a rich context for examining the meaning and shifting of civic activism and how people
participate and organize in civil society today. This article offers a fresh and comparative
analysis based on empirical data on the question of what motivates formal and informal
activism, and the potentially transformative role of civil society that has recently faced
such challenges as democratic backsliding, shrinking public space and polarization. It
looks specifically at the responses of Polish and Hungarian activists and advocacy CSOs
to these new challenges. Their strategies bring an important lesson on how civil society
actors can adapt, continue their mission, or even turn challenges into opportunities.
These new trends indicate that civic space in CEE is shifting which is further influenced
by the reactions to new forms of social, economic and political crises. It is argued that
this shift and the new trends in civic activism require not only fresh empirical data, but
also a revision of normative and methodological approaches that have so far been used
in civil society and social movement research.

The aim of the article is to describe the processes of local communities mobilization in the face of (small) schools liquidation in the rural areas. The author focuses on those cases of local activism which resulted in the formalization of undertaken activities and the establishment of local associations willing to lead local schools. The article presents determinants of social mobilization processes, pointing to the important role of local authorities (executive bodies) and teachers perceived as leaders of local activism. Based on the results of qualitative research conducted in selected rural municipalities in Poland, the author identifies three models of local activism leading to the creation of local (grassroots) associations that act as school governing bodies. Two of the identified models of activism are of a cooperative nature, based on the co-action of local authorities and the local community. While third one is non-cooperative. In this case, the mobilization of the local community and the formation of the association resulted from the lack of community acceptance for the decision of the municipality related to schools liquidation. Theoretical frameworks of the article are based on the concept of local governance, assuming the active participation of nonpublic actors in the process of public tasks implementation. The author also refers to the concept of public participation and presents selected definitions of social activity. The article is based on empirical research conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews and available statistical data (GUS). The author used the following methods: the literature review method and elements of the comparative and systemic methods. ; Celem artykułu jest opis procesów aktywizacji społeczności lokalnej w obliczu likwidacji szkół na obszarach wiejskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, których efektem była formalizacja działań i powołanie stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Autorka koncentruje się na uwarunkowaniach procesów aktywizacji społecznej, wskazując na istotną rolę władz lokalnych (organów wykonawczych) oraz nauczycieli, jako liderów lokalnej mobilizacji. Bazując na wynikach badań jakościowych prowadzonych w wybranych gminach wiejskich, wskazuje na trzy modele aktywizacji prowadzącej do powstania oddolnych stowarzyszeń prowadzących szkoły. Dwa ze zidentyfikowanych rozwiązań mają charakter kooperatywny, oparty na współpracy władz lokalnych i społeczności lokalnej. Jeden zaś niekooperatywny, w przypadku którego władze gminy nie wspierały społeczności lokalnych w tworzeniu oddolnych stowarzyszeń, które podjęłyby się prowadzenia szkół. W tym przypadku aktywizacja społeczności lokalnej i powstanie stowarzyszenia były rezultatem braku akceptacji społeczności dla decyzji władz gminy. Ramy teoretyczne artykułu wyznacza koncepcja współrządzenia na poziomie lokalnym (local governance), zakładająca aktywny udział podmiotów niepublicznych w procesach realizacji zadań publicznych. Ponadto autorka dokonuje przeglądu definicji aktywności społecznej i partycypacji publicznej. W artykule wykorzystane zostały wyniki z badań empirycznych prowadzonych w formie wywiadów półustrukturyzowanych wśród 60 interesariuszy lokalnej polityki oświatowej oraz danych zastanych (GUS). W badaniu wykorzystano takie metody jak analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz metoda porównawcza.

Young Citizen – Nonvoter? Students of Institute of Political Science (Pedagogical University in Cracow) as Participations of Electoral ProcessesTh e author concentrates on the problem of a role of young citizens in a contemporarystate and society. For this reason he assumes that their social and political attitudes,which are shaped today, will determine the quality of democracy in the future. In descriptionof motivation for voting we should notice not only the problem of internalapathy but also external alienation. Th e author, relating to empirical data from hisown research among students of Pedagogical University in Cracow, attempts to showreasons of their political passivity. Nonvoter in this study is understood as a personwho declares an absence in all kinds of election (local, parliamentary, presidential,European). Th e analysis of group of students who are potentially nonvoters leads tothe conclusion that young citizens are unplugged. Th ey are disappointed with contemporarypolitics and generally not connected with any political, social and localorganizations.

Personal narrative as a way to express intersectional activism embodied in the Internet: the case of Eve C

The article looks at the intersectional performances of activist identity online. By tracing the work of Evelyn C., the article considers the position of emergent experts among the peer supporters and bloggers in online communities centred on perinatal mental health and breastfeeding. Through this, it seeks to explore the augmenting possibilities embodied in individual performances of complex activist identities for collective advancement of identity-based health-concerned activist groups.
Keywords: activism, maternal, mental health, embodied, intersectionality

The issue of Christian Work Ministries (CWM) in Poland during the communist regime have so far been hardly explored. Empirical data collected in Archive of Institute of National Remembrance were analyzed, to show the perspective on CWM from Security Services (SB) point of view. In their eyes CWM were dangerous and threat for security of state and communism in Poland. The hypothesis of the survey was the assumption that SB saw CWM and its activists as a source of threat for the state and were state-phobic. Auxiliary hypothesis was assumption that CWM was a shelter for former members of "Solidarity" and as a members of CWM they continued their activism, to a limited extent, known from "Solidarity".

Despite the growing attention of scholars studying the history of Polish women's movement in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as Polish women's lives and their autobiographical writing, there is still a significant number of female activists and authors who – despite their remarkable personality and/or pioneering work – met with little interest. One of those extraordinary women is Józefa Krzyżanowska-Kodis (1865–1940), one of the first Polish women to receive a doctorate in philosophy (from University of Zurich in 1893), a socialist, feminist, and co-founder of the Polish Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Although she was unsuccessful in her efforts to obtain a university position in the United States, Józefa Kodis (Kodisowa) was a passionate philosopher, as well as a social activist and publicist. The few scholarly pieces on her focused on her friendship with Carl Hauptmann. By contrast, the author proposes to have a closer look at the memoirs of Józefa and her daughter Zofia Kodis-Freyer and other archival sources in order to present the most important experiences, cultural and interpersonal constellations, and networks that shaped Kodisowa's biography and perspective on female emancipation, female-male relations, social (in)equality, and pacifism. ; Historia polskiego ruchu kobiecego w XIX i XX wieku, a także losy Polek i ich autobiografie przyciągają uwagę coraz liczniejszych badaczy i badaczek. Jednak wciąż istnieje spora grupa działaczek i autorek, które mimo swojej wybitnej osobowości i/lub pionierskich dokonań budzą co najwyżej ograniczone zainteresowanie. Do tego grona niezwykłych kobiet należy Józefa Krzyżanowska-Kodis (1865–1940), jedna z pierwszych Polek ze stopniem doktora filozofii (Uniwersytet w Zurychu, 1893), socjalistka, feministka oraz współzałożycielka Sekcji Polskiej Międzynarodowej Ligi Kobiet na rzecz Pokoju i Wolności. Józefa Kodis (Kodisowa), która zresztą bezskutecznie starała się o posadę uniwersytecką w Stanach Zjednoczonych, była pasjonatką ...

Despite the growing attention of scholars studying the history of Polish women's movement in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as Polish women's lives and their autobiographical writing, there is still a significant number of female activists and authors who – despite their remarkable personality and/or pioneering work – met with little interest. One of those extraordinary women is Józefa Krzyżanowska-Kodis (1865–1940), one of the first Polish women to receive a doctorate in philosophy (from University of Zurich in 1893), a socialist, feminist, and co-founder of the Polish Section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Although she was unsuccessful in her efforts to obtain a university position in the United States, Józefa Kodis (Kodisowa) was a passionate philosopher, as well as a social activist and publicist. The few scholarly pieces on her focused on her friendship with Carl Hauptmann. By contrast, the author proposes to have a closer look at the memoirs of Józefa and her daughter Zofia Kodis-Freyer and other archival sources in order to present the most important experiences, cultural and interpersonal constellations, and networks that shaped Kodisowa's biography and perspective on female emancipation, female-male relations, social (in)equality, and pacifism. ; Historia polskiego ruchu kobiecego w XIX i XX wieku, a także losy Polek i ich autobiografie przyciągają uwagę coraz liczniejszych badaczy i badaczek. Jednak wciąż istnieje spora grupa działaczek i autorek, które mimo swojej wybitnej osobowości i/lub pionierskich dokonań budzą co najwyżej ograniczone zainteresowanie. Do tego grona niezwykłych kobiet należy Józefa Krzyżanowska-Kodis (1865–1940), jedna z pierwszych Polek ze stopniem doktora filozofii (Uniwersytet w Zurychu, 1893), socjalistka, feministka oraz współzałożycielka Sekcji Polskiej Międzynarodowej Ligi Kobiet na rzecz Pokoju i Wolności. Józefa Kodis (Kodisowa), która zresztą bezskutecznie starała się o posadę uniwersytecką w Stanach Zjednoczonych, była pasjonatką ...