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AbstractMany compelling examples have recently been provided in which people can achieve impressive epistemic success, e.g. draw highly accurate inferences, by using simple heuristics and very little information. This is possible by taking advantage of the features of the environment. The examples suggest an easy and appealing naturalization of rationality: on the one hand, people clearlycanapply simple heuristics, and on the other hand, they intuitivelyoughtdo so when this brings them high accuracy at little cost.. The 'ought-can' principle is satisfied, and rationality is meaningfully normative. We show, however, that this naturalization program is endangered by a computational wrinkle in the adaptation process taken to be responsible for this heuristics-based ('ecological') rationality: for the adaptation process to guarantee even minimal rationality, it requires astronomical computational resources, making the problem intractable. We consider various plausible auxiliary assumptions in attempt to remove this obstacle, and show that they do not succeed; intractability is a robust property of adaptation. We discuss the implications of our findings for the project of naturalizing rationality.

"Fast and Frugal Heuristics" published on by Oxford University Press.

To understand mental self-government of the developing reading and writing brain, correlations of clustering coefficients on fMRI reading or writing tasks with BASC 2 Adaptivity ratings (time 1 only) or working memory components (time 1 before and time 2 after instruction previously shown to improve achievement and change magnitude of fMRI connectivity) were investigated in 39 students in grades 4 to 9 who varied along a continuum of reading and writing skills. A Philips 3T scanner measured connectivity during six leveled fMRI reading tasks (subword—letters and sounds, word—word-specific spellings or affixed words, syntax comprehension—with and without homonym foils or with and without affix foils, and text comprehension) and three fMRI writing tasks—writing next letter in alphabet, adding missing letter in word spelling, and planning for composing. The Brain Connectivity Toolbox generated clustering coefficients based on the cingulo-opercular (CO) network; after controlling for multiple comparisons and movement, significant fMRI connectivity clustering coefficients for CO were identified in 8 brain regions bilaterally (cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula, cingulum—cingulate gyrus, and cingulum—hippocampus). BASC2 Parent Ratings for Adaptivity were correlated with CO clustering coefficients on three reading tasks (letter-sound, word affix judgments and sentence comprehension) and one writing task (writing next letter in alphabet). Before instruction, each behavioral working memory measure (phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax coding, phonological and orthographic loops for integrating internal language and output codes, and supervisory focused and switching attention) correlated significantly with at least one CO clustering coefficient. After instruction, the patterning of correlations changed with new correlations emerging. Results show that the reading and writing brain's mental government, supported by both CO ...

Global efforts to further improve exclusive breastfeeding rates have not been successful, in part because effective scaling‐up frameworks and roadmaps have not been developed. The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) toolbox includes an evidence‐based index, the BBF Index (BBFI), to guide the development and tracking of large scale, well‐coordinated, multisector national breastfeeding promotion programmes. This paper describes the development of the BBFI, which is grounded in the Breastfeeding Gear Model complex adaptive systems framework. The BBFI was developed by the BBF Steering Committee in collaboration with a high‐level Technical Advisory Group following the Delphi consensus methodology. Key benchmarks and definitions were informed by evidence‐based health, nutrition, and newborn survival initiatives identified from the academic and grey literature. The BBFI consists of 8 gears (54 benchmarks): Advocacy (4); Political Will (3); Legislation and Policies (10); Funding and Resources (4); Training and Program Delivery (17); Promotion (3); Research and Evaluation (10); and Coordination, Goals, and Monitoring (3). Scores are generated for 8 gear scores plus a total country score to gauge the scaling‐up enabling environment. The BBFI provides an evidence‐based index to assist countries in (a) assessing their readiness to scale up breastfeeding programmes and (b) tracking scaling‐up progress.

This article synthesizes and compares environmental governance theories. For each theory we outline its main tenets, claims, origin, and supporting literature. We then group the theories into focused versus combinatory frameworks for comparison. The analysis resonates with many types of ecosystems; however, to make it more tangible, we focus on coastal systems. First, we characterize coastal governance challenges and then later link salient research questions arising from these challenges to the theories that may be useful in answering them. Our discussion emphasizes the usefulness of having a diverse theoretical toolbox, and we argue that if governance analysts are more broadly informed about the theories available, they may more easily engage in open-minded interdisciplinary collaboration. The eight theories examined are the following: polycentricity, network governance, multilevel governance, collective action, governmentality (power / knowledge), adaptive governance, interactive governance theory (IGT), and evolutionary governance theory (EGT). Polycentricity and network governance both help examine the links or connections in governance processes. Polycentricity emphasizes structural configurations at a broader level, and network governance highlights agency and information flow within and between individuals or organizations. Collective action theory is helpful for examining community level governance, and helps analyze variables hindering or enabling self-organization and shared resource outcomes. In contrast, multilevel governance helps understand governance integration processes between localities, regions, and states across administrative, policy, or legal dimensions. Governmentality is helpful for understanding the role of discourse, power, knowledge, and narratives in governance, such as who creates them and who becomes governed by them with what effect. Adaptive governance helps analyze the links between context, change, and resilience. IGT helps examine the interdependencies between the systems being governed and the governing systems. EGT is helpful for unpacking how coevolutionary processes shape governance and the options for change.

Effective action on resilience and climate change adaptation can be a complex task—requiring coordinated efforts from the highest levels of government to individual households and firms. The Adaptation Principles offer a guide to effective climate change adaptation, containing hands-on guidance to the design, implementation and monitoring of national adaptation strategies. It specifies six guiding principles, which correspond to common policy domains: 1) Ensuring resilient foundations through rapid and inclusive development; 2) Facilitating the adaptation of firms and people; 3) Adapting land use and protecting critical public assets and services; 4) Increasing people's capacity to cope with and recover from shocks; 5) Anticipating and managing macroeconomic and fiscal risks; 6) Ensuring effective implementation through prioritization and continuous monitoring. While outlining these universal Adaptation Principles, this guide shows that each country needs to tailor these actions to its specific needs and priorities. To guide this process, Adaptation Principles offers concrete and practical tools: Screening questions to identify the most urgent and effective actions, toolboxes illustrating common datasets and methodologies to support decisions, indicators to monitor and evaluate progress, and case studies on how the COVID-19 pandemic influences priorities in taking effective adaptation action.

Tourism is widely known as a dynamic, complex system of interrelated components that are constantly evolving and emerging. A comprehensive systems approach to tourism was suggested by Leiper. A closer look at Leiper's (1970) model reveals that geographical elements of tourism are made up of a tri-component (tourists generating region, transit route, tourism destination region) geographical sub-system within the environment of industry, in which tourists are considered the agents of the system. Destination experience is the fundamental product of tourism, and destination region, arguably, is the most critical component of the tourism system. The generating region is another critical spatial component in geographic systems, as it forms the main market for tourism products. From an epistemological viewpoint, studying systems requires a holistic approach and a systemic perspective. While methodological and technical advancements enable us to model complex adaptive systems using techniques such as network analysis, the toolbox that has been developed to investigate systems from a holistic standpoint is extremely limited and incredibly complicated. Due to methodological limitations, we have adapted traditional reductionism—as the most common approach in scientific inquiry—to study geographical aspects of the tourism system model. To study these geographical aspects, the system must be broken down into its most basic components. As a result, the first and second studies investigate the effects of the environmental factors of tourist-destination region (TDR) on tourist behavior and local resident behavior, respectively. The third study evaluates the Iranian tourism system as a tourist-generator region (TGR). This study is dedicated to understanding the environmental factors (the technological aspect of Leiper's external environment) in Iran that shape Iranian tourists' behavior. The empirical findings of each study provide valuable theoretical contributions to researchers and have practical implications for tourism managers. ; Cette recherche est structurée autour de trois propositions théoriques et empiriques. En d'autres termes, cette thèse identifie et analyse quelques dissuasions pour le développement du tourisme. Différentes approches coexistent pour étudier le tourisme. L'approche systémique - le système touristique - se considère comme l'une de ces approches. Les chapitres 2 et 3 sont employés pour enquêter sur la fonction de TOR de l'Iran. Selon Leiper (1979, 1995), TOR fournit les facteurs d'attraction et favorise la demande de voyager vers une destination particulière. La première étude fournit une compréhension des impacts des attributs de la destination (TOR) sur une des composantes les plus importantes de la demande touristique qui est la durée du séjour. Plus précisément, il se concentre sur les éléments humains (des individus dans le rôle de touristes) et les conditions environnementales de TOR (le régime théocratique et la crise politique dans la destination) cependant le troisième chapitre aborde l'impact des éléments environnementaux (environnement économique) sur les perceptions des habitants sur le tourisme local. La troisième étude (chapitre 4) poursuit les deux modèles antérieurs par l'évaluation de la performance de l'Iran en tant qu'une région génératrice des touristes basés sur les idées de Leiper (1990) et Goeldner et Ritchie (2007), qui ont affirmé qu'afin d'obtenir une compréhension intégrale du système touristique d'une région particulière, il est important de comprendre en première lieu la façon dont cette région se positionne comme une région génératrice des touristes. Cette étude envisage l'Iran comme un pays générateur et les iraniens comme les touristes.