Suchergebnisse

Diffusion is re-examined within an open systems model which takes into account the causal texture of the extended social field as well as the more traditional theoretical concerns. It focuses on methods developed to help people learn to participate in, and exercise more control over, their workplaces and communities. Diffusion is increased as the design and management of these learning events become congruent with their purposes and environmental trends. Structures and processes which encourage learning through working participatively are a precondition for the appearance of the motivation to diffuse. Behind these factors lies the affect system, and it is argued that the key to effective diffusion is the generation of the positive affects of excitement and joy. "The joy of learning" which produces diffusion contrasts with group assumptions and a "hatred of learning" which is often the result of traditional teaching.

AbstractThe emerging judgment and decision‐making literature indicates that individuals use heuristic procedures that simplify cognitive processing requirements. Judgments (particularly subjective probabilities) are based on limited processing of a proper subset of the available evidence. Tasks potentially calling for complex analysis are reduced to heuristic procedures and efficient information processing may result; these heuristics can, however, produce systematic biases and costly errors in judgment.People also exhibit cognitive biases that systematically affect judgments of statistical properties of random variables. The biases appear to be cognitive in nature and therefore are not due entirely to emotional, motivational, or cost‐of‐processing considerations. For some cognitive biases, a possible explanation has been suggested in the context of a heuristic processing procedure.The objective of this paper is to analyze and synthesize the currently available research on cognitive heuristics and information‐processing biases from the perspective of research and actual financial decision situations. Important implications for users and designers of information systems will be discussed. One generic conclusion from the literature is that individuals appear to be inadequate "intuitive" statisticians; a need for formal judgment and decision aids will become clear.