This paper aims to discuss the socio-economic regimes that allow the realization of justice as fairness, focusing in particular on the two regimes pointed out by Rawls as capable of constituting a well-ordered society, the property-owning democracy (POD) on the one hand and liberal socialism on the other. To this end, we will first consider Rawls' arguments regarding socio-economic regimes within A theory of justice. Then, based on Justice as fairness: a restatement, the arguments in favor of POD and liberal socialism and against the other three options: laissez-faire capitalism, one-party state socialism, and the welfare state will be discussed. Next, the arguments in favor of either POD or liberal socialism will be considered, largely seeking to draw what the distinctions between the two regimes are, from those authors who seek to go beyond Rawls. At the end, it is concluded that within the limits of a theory of justice Rawls is correct in not defining who is the winning regime, the POD or liberal socialism, but in the current advance of liberal capitalism and its movement away from liberal democracies it shows necessary to discuss which is the most adequate regime from the bases provided by justice as fairness.
Sartre, in the work Notebooks for an Ethics (1947-1948), presents notes on the dimension of history that begins to develop initially within his moral reflection. Sartre, however, does not have a finalized version of his theory of history, linking his reflection to a comparison and critique of Hegel's philosophy of history and Marxian historical materialism. The aim of this article is to analyze Sartre's critique of Hegel in the Notebooks for an Ethics about history, showing an outline of Sartre's initial views on history. Sartre makes extensive use of a critique of the possibility of Hegelian dialectics, questioning the dimension of this movement of the real as true. It analyzes the idealization of this movement in the dialectic of the master and the slave in works such as Phenomenology of the Spirit (1807) and discusses the notion of the totality of history. Sartre suggests, based on this critique, his own notion of history linked to a de-totalized totality and a historical becoming centered on freedom.
The research aims to analyze aspects/elements of Aristotle's cosmology from Larry Laudan's philosophy of science. The attempt is to present in this article a possible interpretation on how the evolutionary process of cosmology at the time under the focus of Laudan's philosophy, based on research traditions, specific theories, reticulated model, scientific progress, methodology, axiology, etc. We will address the issue of acceptance of specific theories, the issue of effectiveness in solving problems, among other important issues for the aforementioned interpretation. The historical focus will be important as an element that would allow viewing this philosophical interpretation and on how it would be possible to think of a reticulation model in this context, in an attempt to present the tensions between the components of the research tradition, as a way of highlighting the need for constant revision of these elements historically, within the evolutionary process of research traditions. We will use as a basis especially the works Progress and its problems: towards a theory of scientific growth (2011) [1977] and Science and Values (1984).
Based on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, Alexandre Kojève produces a theory of an "anthropogenesis" that allocates the constitution of self-consciousness in a markedly historical and social field centered on the "dialectic of the master and the slave". More than this, it emerges in a domaine seized by the conflictuality of such a central operator of socialization, namely the desire, which is always, in the last case, a desire for recognition. Aware of this idea and on the path of the development of an imaginary's theory, Lacan was pursuing the necessity to reallocate certain points of the Freudian constitution's theory of the ego. He was aiming to bypass Freud's supposed "biologism" (especially in his theory of the "death drive") by emphasizing the fundamental dependence of the other's figure on the process of "hominization", in which "aggressiveness" plays an inherent role. If the projects of Kojève and Lacan present undeniable convergences, it is necessary, however, to better understand them, as well as to establish the uniqueness of their distances, inflections and objectives.
According to the Theory of Economic Regulation, corporate lobbying is a productive investment for firms looking to influence legislation and public policy. Corporate political activity can generate benefits for the organization; however, in the presence of agency conflicts the advantage is often offset by agency costs borne by the shareholders. Sometimes excess remuneration is offered by the principal in exchange for the agent's commitment to shareholder wealth creation. In this study we evaluated the association between corporate lobbying, chief executive officer remuneration and corporate performance in238 firms traded on the New York Stock Exchange, covering the period 2014-2017. Our regression analyses reveal that corporate lobbying is positively associated with chief executive officer remuneration and negatively associated with corporate performance, suggesting the existence of agency costs resulting from corporate lobbying. In such scenarios, based on our sample, corporate lobbying does not improve performance or generate benefits for shareholders, but serves as a personal and political tool for executive self-promotion. ; Consoante preconiza a Teoria da Regulação Econômica, o lobbying corporativo é considerado um investimento produtivo para as empresas que procuram influenciar a legislação e as políticas públicas. A atividade política corporativa pode gerar benefícios para a organização, porém, na presença de conflitos de agência, essa vantagem é muitas vezes neutralizada pelos custos de agência suportados pelos acionistas. Por vezes, a remuneração excessiva é oferecida pelo principal em troca do compromisso do agente para com a criação de riqueza dos acionistas. Neste estudo, avalia-se a associação entre o lobbying corporativo, a remuneração do Chief Executive Officer e o desempenho empresarial, em 238 empresas com ações negociadas na New York Stock Exchange, abrangendo o quadriênio 2014-2017. As análises de regressão revelam que o lobbying corporativo está positivamente associado à remuneração do Chief ...
This paper aims to raise some arguments used by Habermas in his Postmetaphysical Thinking so that we can from this make a critical assessment of the role he claims to the problem of subjectivity in the light of his thesis of individuation by socialization. First, we will present the theoretical and historical assumptions on which the Habermasian project is based, for example, Habermas' use of Mead's social theory, and then compare it to the tradition to which it was opposed. We will then try to clarify certain trends of the time, reinforced mainly by Habermas' theory, such as the notion of reducing subjectivity to socialization, comparing them with the main elements of the metaphysical theories of subjectivity that had dominated the discourse of modernity. As we will see, the midpoint that bifurcates both perspectives will be the attitude with which each one behaves in the face of problems arising from the reflexive circle of subjectivity, thematizing the possibility of a non-propositional knowledge.
This article presents reflections on the Pedagogical Course Project (PPC) which challenges the participatory and interactive teaching-learning process among its agents to act in a complex, conflicting and diverse world. It argues that training in Architecture and Urbanism must combine technical training and scientific and critical reasoning with a view to solving old and new problems, in an inter and transdisciplinary way. Based on the necessary approaches for acting and coping with the contemporary world, the article is organized around three axes that also guided the construction of the PPC: 1. coping with the formation of the student as a technical-scientific and professional reflexive political subject, 2. the intersection of "little boxes" guiding the student's experience and structuring through a plot constructed by (i) agglutinating axes that favor the intersection of content and knowledge; (ii) integrated ateliers and studios mixing content, approaches and practices and (iii) transversal crossing lines, events that sew new forms of knowledge production and 3. themes, integrating contexts and experiences that extrapolate practices into activities beyond of classrooms, which aim towards the path of extension. In this environment, new student attitudes flourish, which advocate a more active role in the collective construction, not only of the training School, but of society in constant formation, within a general framework in permanent transformation, in which technology and imbalances constitute a constant and changing theme, in the search for another and necessary sense of the world for all of us. ; Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre o Projeto Pedagógico de Curso (PPC) que tem como desafio o processo de ensino-aprendizado participativo e interativo entre seus agentes para atuarem em um mundo complexo, conflituoso e diverso. Defende que a formação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, deve aliar capacitação técnica e raciocínio científico e crítico com vistas a resolver velhos e novos problemas, de modo inter e ...
The article discusses how Judith Butler's theory of gender, mainly based on what the author called metaphysics of substance, operates a desontologization of sex-gender experiences. For this, it exposes how Butler operates the desontologization of the gendered subject, through her feminist critique of the idea of subject conceived from the mark of sexual difference. Later, it dedicates to what Butler called the "metaphysics of substance", seen as what sustains, within the framework of the binary sex-gender system, the idea of natural difference of bodies, a moment in which the author resorts to the genealogy of morals developed by Nietzsche to justify her genealogy of gender and bodies, seeing these as inseparable, which is why she concludes that, in the manner of gender, the production of bodies occurs in a performative way through contextualized recitations that establish the boundaries of human intelligibility and that, therefore, it is subject to transformation.
Background: Few studies in mathematics education have been looking at the new dynamics of communication with focus on the analysis of speeches propagated by false news. This social phenomenon is worrying: news that uses mathematical arguments to guide, shape, and reflect public opinion and popular thinking based on misleading information. Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to understand the role of mathematics education in the process of strengthening democracy. Data collection and analysis: A video published on a YouTube channel, in which mathematical arguments are used to convince public opinion about a certain point of view, was the object of the study whose result is presented in this paper. Design: With theoretical-methodological procedures that are based on the pragmatic theory of fixation of beliefs and on the verification of the mathematical content, the analysis adopted a qualitative approach. Setting and Participants: This is a study about a video considered false by news agencies, aired by a famous Brazilian journalist. Results: The study of fake news and desinformation scenario has allowed us to observe that mathematical speeches linked to the ideology of mathematical certainty are responsible for the establishment of beliefs and the formation of opinions by authority and tenacity methods. Conclusions: We conclude that mathematical models and mathematical discourses used in virtual communication environments can be responsible for camouflaging the human factor in political decisions and obscuring the visibility of ethical and morality variables.
Although local governments' payrolls are a significant expense, they are one of the most difficult to monitor. The disclosure of civil servants' salaries to improve control is a measure of public interest, but the mere information on the government's personnel expenses as provided by law may not be sufficient to detect irregularities. This study analyzes the paradoxes of disclosing salary information and the tensions among the parties related to this issue. We interviewed local government employees, unions, software companies, courts of accounts, nonprofit organizations, and journalists, gathering different interests and perspectives, addressing the issue as an example of the challenges to improve public transparency. Based on an inductive approach, the research offers a non-exhaustive list of irregularities in Brazil that are not detected by simply disclosing information in transparency portals. Our findings point out that detecting and addressing such irregularities require the cooperation of several control agents to combine multiple data sources and evidence. ; La nómina es uno de los mayores gastos del municipio, pero también es uno de los más difíciles de monitorear. Si la divulgación de los salarios de los funcionarios públicos es de interés público para su control, la divulgación de los gastos en personal según lo dispuesto por la ley puede no ser suficiente para identificar algunas irregularidades. Analizamos las paradojas presentes en la apertura de dichos datos y las tensiones que surgen del posicionamiento de los diferentes interesados en el asunto. Entrevistamos a profesionales de alcaldías, sindicatos, empresas de software, tribunales de cuentas, organizaciones sociales y periodistas para reunir diversas perspectivas e intereses involucrados en la divulgación de sueldos y beneficios de los servidores públicos como ejemplo de los desafíos para ampliar la transparencia pública. Con un enfoque inductivo, presentamos una lista no exhaustiva de las irregularidades que a menudo ocurren en Brasil que, por no ser detectadas simplemente a través de los datos publicados en los portales de transparencia, exigen la cooperación entre los diferentes agentes de control para combinar múltiples fuentes de datos y evidencias. ; A folha de pagamento é uma das maiores despesas do município, porém uma das mais difíceis de serem monitoradas. Se a divulgação dos salários de servidores é de interesse público para controle, a divulgação das despesas com pessoal, na forma como previsto em lei, pode não ser suficiente para detectar diversos tipos de irregularidades. Analisamos os paradoxos envolvidos na divulgação de dados da folha de pagamento e as tensões que emergem do posicionamento de diversos interessados na questão. Entrevistamos profissionais de prefeituras, sindicatos, empresas de softwares, tribunais de contas, organizações sociais e jornalistas. Procuramos reunir diversas perspectivas e interesses envolvidos na divulgação de salários e benefícios de servidores como exemplo dos desafios de ampliar a transparência pública. Com abordagem indutiva, apresentamos uma lista não exaustiva de irregularidades que reconhecidamente ocorrem no país e que, por não serem detectadas apenas com os dados divulgados nos portais de transparência, demandam cooperação entre diversos atores de controle.
Tax evasion is the practice of the non-payment of taxes. In Brazil alone, it is estimated as 8% of GDP. Thus, governments must use intelligent systems to support tax auditors to identify tax evaders. Such systems seek to recognize patterns and rely on sensitive taxpayer data that is protected by law and difficult to access. This research presents a smart solution, capable of identifying the profile of potential tax evaders, using only open and public data, made available by the Brazilian internal revenue service, the administrative council of tax appeals of the State of Goiás, and other public sources. Three models were generated using Random Forest, Neural Networks, and Graphs. The validation after fine improvements offered an accuracy greater than 98% in predicting tax evading companies. Finally, a web-based solution was created to be used and validated by tax auditors of the State of Goiás. ; La evasión fiscal es la consecuencia de la práctica de la defraudación tributaria. En Brasil, se estima que corresponde al 8% del PIB. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos necesitan y utilizan sistemas inteligentes para ayudar a los agentes de hacienda a identificar a los defraudadores fiscales. Dichos sistemas se basan en datos confidenciales de los contribuyentes para el reconocimiento de patrones, que están protegidos por ley. Este trabajo presenta una solución inteligente, capaz de identificar perfiles de potenciales defraudadores fiscales, utilizando únicamente datos públicos abiertos, puestos a disposición por la Hacienda Federal y por el Consejo Administrativo Tributario del Estado de Goiás, entre otros registros públicos. Se generaron tres modelos utilizando random forest y neural networks. En la validación después de finas mejoras, fue posible obtener una precisión superior al 98% en la predicción del perfil moroso. Finalmente, se creó una solución de software visual para uso y validación por parte de los auditores fiscales del estado de Goiás. ; A evasão fiscal é a consequência da prática da sonegação. Apenas no Brasil, ...
The environmental movement in Brazil emerged as a response to the colonial exploitation model and the consequent unbridled degradation of the environment. Since then, the historical normative process of legislative initiatives has re-signified the concept of the environment, in order to systematize and constitutionalize environmental protection. However, due to the current ecological crisis, the narrative of modern Environmental Law is problematized. After all, Law, in itself, is considered a project of Modernity and its regulatory frameworks instrumentalize Nature as a mere resource for the capitalist production system. With this problematization, this article seek to promote reflections on the need to decolonize Environmental Law through the ecologization of Law, that is, through an ecodecolonial theory. Methodologically, it is based on a qualitative research, based on the deductive method and the collection and analysis of bibliographic data as an investigation technique. The results achieved point to the subordination of Nature in Modernity and the need to break with ecological coloniality through the ecologization of Environmental Law. ; O movimento ambientalista no Brasil surgiu como uma resposta ao modelo de exploração colonial e a consequente degradação desenfreada do meio ambiente. A partir de então, o processo histórico normativo das iniciativas legislativas ressignificaram a concepção de meio ambiente, de modo a sistematizar e a constitucionalizar a proteção ambiental. Porém, em razão da atual crise ecológica, problematiza-se a narrativa do Direito Ambiental moderno. Afinal, o Direito, em si, é considerado um projeto da Modernidade e seus marcos regulatórios instrumentalizam a natureza como mero recurso para o sistema capitalista de produção. Com essa problematização, busca-se promover reflexões sobre a necessidade de decolonizar o Direito Ambiental por meio da ecologização do Direito, isto é, por meio de uma teoria ecodecolonial. Metodologicamente, parte-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, pautada no método dedutivo e no levantamento e análise de dados bibliográficos como técnica de investigação. Os resultados alcançados apontam para a subalternização da natureza na Modernidade e para necessidade de se romper com a colonialidade ecológica por meio da ecologização do Direito Ambiental.
This work is located in the field of theories of education and its relationship with the training of technologists. Thus, it comes against the growing offer of this special type of higher education aimed at the formation of qualified labor demanded by the labor market. It aims to analyze the training of technologists from the theoretical framework of the dualistic school presented by Dermeval Saviani. With a qualitative approach to research, based on bibliographic review, the following writings take Saviani's work "School and Democracy (1999)" and other texts that problematize educational dualism as a guide. We conclude that the labor market constitutes the space where the dualistic school theory materializes through educational processes, from basic to higher education, which aim at the formation of the specialized workforce and seduced by the neoliberal ideological discourse of guaranteeing access to jobs and social ascension. ; Este trabajo se ubica en el campo de las teorías de la educación y su relación con la formación de tecnólogos. Se contrapone así a la creciente oferta de este tipo especial de educación superior orientada a la formación de mano de obra calificada que demanda el mercado laboral. Tiene como objetivo analizar la formación de tecnólogos desde el marco teórico de la escuela dualista presentado por Dermeval Saviani. Con un enfoque cualitativo de la investigación, basado en la revisión bibliográfica, los siguientes escritos toman como guía la obra de Saviani "Escuela y democracia (1999)" y otros textos que problematizan el dualismo educativo. Concluimos que el mercado laboral constituye el espacio donde la teoría de la escuela dualista se materializa a través de procesos educativos, desde la educación básica hasta la superior, que apuntan a la formación de la fuerza laboral especializada y seducida por el discurso ideológico neoliberal de garantizar el acceso a los mejores trabajos y ascensión social. ; Este trabalho localiza-se no campo das teorias da educação e sua relação com formação de ...
Entre as décadas de 80 e 90, a Cadeia Pública de Porto Alegre, principal prisão do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foi palco de intensas turbulências: fugas, homicídios, motins e rebeliões. Em 1995, após uma rebelião, a gestão do presídio foi assumida pela polícia militar, que permanece até hoje. A partir dos anos 2000, as instabilidades começaram a arrefecer, tornando-se, atualmente, eventos pontuais e isolados, apesar da superlotação. Com base em entrevistas feitas com presos, policiais em ofício no presídio e atores do sistema de justiça ocupados com a execução penal, propõe-se analisar a passagem entre esses dois momentos, enfatizando-se a relação entre os coletivos de presos e a administração prisional. Argumenta-se que o equilíbrio precário alcançado nessa prisão decorre da acomodação dos antagonismos existentes entre presos e policiais que gerem o presídio, alcançado por meio de concessões mútuas e assegurando a concretização de pretensões de ambas as partes. ; Between the 80's and 90's, the Public Jail of Porto Alegre, the main prison in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, was the scene of intense turmoil: jailbreaks, homicides, riots and rebellions. In 1995, after a rebellion, prison management was taken over by the military police, which remains until today. From the 2000s onwards, the instabilities began to drop and currently became isolated events, despite overcrowding. Based in interviews made with inmates, police officers and justice system workers, we propose to analyze the passage between these two moments, emphasizing the relationship between the prisoners' groups and the prison administration. We argue that the precarious balance achieved in this prison stems from the accommodation of antagonisms between prisoners and police officers who manage the prison, which was achieved through mutual concessions that took into consideration the interests of both parties involved. ; Entre los años 80 y 90, la Cárcel Pública de Porto Alegre, la prisión principal en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, fue escenario de intensas turbulencias: escapes, homicidios, disturbios y rebeliones. En 1995, después de una rebelión, la policía militar se hizo cargo de la administración penitenciaria, que permanece hasta hoy. A partir de la década de 2000, las inestabilidades comenzaron a enfriarse, convirtiéndose en eventos puntuales y aislados, a pesar del hacinamiento. Basado en entrevistas hechas con prisioneros, agentes de policía en prisión y actores del sistema de justicia involucrados en ejecuciones penales, se propone analizar la transición entre estos dos momentos, enfatizando la relación entre el colectivo de prisioneros y la administración de la cárcel. Se argumenta que el precario equilibrio logrado en esta penitenciaria se deriva de la acomodación de antagonismos entre prisioneros y policías que manejan la prisión, logrados mediante concesiones mutuas y asegurando el cumplimiento de los reclamos de ambos lados.
Objective: to discuss the classification of the health hazardallowance due to exposure to biological agents attributedto Nursing professionals, based on legal and occupationalparameters supported on the principle of human dignity.Method: an original reflection study with theoretical analysison legislation, jurisprudence and Occupational Health focusedon the biological risks, health hazard and rights of Brazilianworkers. The discussions were based on the current legislationand on scientific evidence. Results: the classification of thehealth hazard allowance due to exposure to biological agentsattributed to Nursing professionals is not in line with thefactual situation experienced by them. Conclusion: it becomesnecessary to broaden the discussion on the subject matterand to review the effective and fair compensation of Nursingprofessionals due to exposure to potentially contaminatedbiological agents in their work environments, given that thehealth hazard allowance is a worker's right and is based onhuman dignity. ; Objetivo: discutir a classificação do adicional de insalubridadepor exposição aos agentes biológicos atribuída aos profissionaisde enfermagem, a partir de parâmetros jurídicos e ocupacionaisapoiados no princípio da dignidade humana. Método:estudo original de reflexão com análise teórica na legislação,jurisprudência e Saúde Ocupacional com enfoque nos riscosbiológicos, insalubridade e direitos dos trabalhadores brasileiros.As discussões foram embasadas na legislação vigente e emevidências científicas. Resultados: a classificação do adicionalde insalubridade por exposição aos agentes biológicos, atribuídaaos profissionais de enfermagem não está em consonânciacom a situação fática vivenciada por eles. Conclusão: fazsenecessário ampliar a discussão sobre o assunto e rever aefetiva e justa indenização dos profissionais de enfermagem porexposição aos agentes biológicos potencialmente contaminadosem seus ambientes laborais, haja vista que o adicional deinsalubridade é um direito do trabalhador e tem ...