Suchergebnisse

Cet article de synthèse veut dépasser le cloisonnement des historiographies nationales pour montrer l'importance des aspirations aux réformes agraires, celles des modes de propriété et d'exploitation de la terre. Dans l'Europe des Lumières, les échanges d'idées et d'expériences agronomiques sont intenses, ils sont indissociables des réflexions sur l'économie politique et l'organisation sociale. Les premières tentatives de réformes, dans les années 1760-1780 suscitent de fortes tensions sociales et des réactions divergentes des Etats européens. La Révolution française agitée par de fortes contradictions, imprime sa marque : elle aboutit à une forme de libéralisme agraire mitigé. Sans imposer un modèle à l'Europe, elle contribue plutôt à accentuer les différenciations nationales : alors que certains pays continuent leurs réformes, d'autres ont une réaction conservatrice. ; This paper, a summary of current knowledge, aims at showing the widespread aspirations for agrarian reforms in Enlightenment Europe. It goes beyond the compartmentalization of national historiographies and focuses on the intense exchange of ideas and agronomic experiences. The reforms of farm ownership methods are inseparable from reflections on political economy and social organization. The first attempts at reform in the years 1760-1780 gave rise to strong social tensions and divergent reactions from European states. The French Revolution was agitated by strong contradictions, and it resulted in a form of moderate agrarian liberalism. It left its mark on Europe, without imposing a model, it rather contributed to accentuating national differentiations: while some countries carried on their reforms, others embraced a conservative reaction. ; Dossier: La historia rural europea, evoluciones recientes ; Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

Land conflicts in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo represent a challenge for rural development. Five years prior to the launch of a national land reform by the central government, the provincial government of North Kivu defended in its five-year program (2007-2011) a series of measures related to agrarian reform: harmonization of land tenures, land expropriation and landscape planning. Beyond the financial constraints advanced as the main cause of the ineffectiveness of the program, this article addresses the underlying causes of the North Kivu provincial government's failure to confront the demand and supply of institutional change with regards to agrarian reform. The analysis reveals a flawed planning system, built on a confusing vision of the kind of transformation applicable to the DRC's rural economy. Moreover, the agrarian reform program is accompanied by a defective budgeting that will hardly allow the executive to deal with the issue of agrarian reform. Apparently, policy makers adopted revolutionary language concerning agrarian reform that does not match the interests of the ruling government coalition, composed of party members at the forefront of the political scene. The paper concludes by demonstrating that despite the proposed responses, civil society on its own is simply incapable with its limits and constraints, to pressure policy makers into initiating a genuine agrarian reform. The peacebuilding and stabilization program which is being implemented by international organisations, outside state control, is also having a limited impact on land regulation and agrarian reform.

Land conflicts in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo represent a challenge for rural development. Five years prior to the launch of a national land reform by the central government, the provincial government of North Kivu defended in its five-year program (2007-2011) a series of measures related to agrarian reform: harmonization of land tenures, land expropriation and landscape planning. Beyond the financial constraints advanced as the main cause of the ineffectiveness of the program, this article addresses the underlying causes of the North Kivu provincial government's failure to confront the demand and supply of institutional change with regards to agrarian reform. The analysis reveals a flawed planning system, built on a confusing vision of the kind of transformation applicable to the DRC's rural economy. Moreover, the agrarian reform program is accompanied by a defective budgeting that will hardly allow the executive to deal with the issue of agrarian reform. Apparently, policy makers adopted revolutionary language concerning agrarian reform that does not match the interests of the ruling government coalition, composed of party members at the forefront of the political scene. The paper concludes by demonstrating that despite the proposed responses, civil society on its own is simply incapable with its limits and constraints, to pressure policy makers into initiating a genuine agrarian reform. The peacebuilding and stabilization program which is being implemented by international organisations, outside state control, is also having a limited impact on land regulation and agrarian reform.

This research theme for the agrarian question in independent Algeria, structural transformation processes of production and class relations in the agrarian sector of the Algerian social formation with these highlights as are the two agrarian reforms since the independence. The analysis of the agrarian question here contributes essential way inform the evolution of the social formation.Thus, in this research we will aim mainly to capture two particular items that the analysis can be to some extent autonomized: class relations in rural society (in the area agrarian social training); the state intervention in the agrarian question, that is, the line and the agrarian program of political power, the method and means of implementing this program, the constraints encountered and the effects obtained.The unity of approach will result from the fact that analyze the relationship between agrarian classes in view to clarify the terms of the agrarian question which political power is confronted. It will be necessary to expand the scope of investigation to the political context (political and ideological) which raises the agrarian question. We will do this primarily by analyzing the one hand the characteristics of the nationalist movement, on the other hand the general guidelines of the policy of the regime of President Boumedienne. ; Cette recherche a pour thème la question agraire dans l'Algérie indépendante, le processus de transformation des structures de la production et des rapports de classes dans le secteur agraire de la formation sociale algérienne avec ces temps forts que constituent les deux réformes agraires réalisées depuis l'indépendance. L'analyse de la question agraire contribue ici de manière essentielle éclairer l'évolution de la formation sociale. Ainsi, dans cette recherche nous viserons principalement à saisir deux objets particuliers dont l'analyse peut être jusqu'à un certain point autonomisée: les rapports de classes dans la société rurale (dans le secteur agraire de la formation sociale) ; les ...

Discusses consequences of and currently proposed amendments to the 1969 Peruvian agrarian reform. Summary in English.

International audience ; Share cropping, a widespread practice before the revolution, which then was no longer talked about or was even denied during the process of agrarian reform, has been developing again in Mexico since the 1950s, in a revised form: cattle leasing. The resulting new social relationship has become characteristic of pioneer fronts of beef cattle breeding over a large portion of the tropical regions, particularly near the country's Atlantic coastline, receiving higher rainfall and more favourable for pasture to grow. In contrast to the classic form of share cropping, characterized by a monopoly the large-scale property owners exert over land, this version operates under a system of reverse tenancy. Most farmers benefiting from colonization programmes possessed insufficient means of production and were compelled to call upon the large-scale stockbreeders to provide them with the cattle necessary o develop the land they were allocated, in exchange for payment of half theproceeds to the livestock owner. The spread of cattle leasing therefore revealsa certain continuity in the balance of power between the different componentsof the rural society, persisting beyond the agrarian reform. Land ownership hasbecome a secondary component in these interrelationships,whereas controlover capital is now the important factor and is the basis of thelivestock owners'hegemony. ; Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s'est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l'élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l'herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d'élevage s'est ...

Agrarian Reform and Revolution in Attende's Chile.
The article argues that Popular Unity's agrarian policy reflects the limitations and contradictions of its strategy to power. Although Allende's agrarian reform was extensive, drastic and rapidly executed, it nevertheless limited the peasantry's contribution to the revolutionary struggle for power. The article starts by briefly examining the rural legacy left by the Christian Democrat government of Frei to the Popular Unity and presenting the agrarian programme of Allende. It proceeds with an analysis of peasant mobilisation and organisation, focusing on land seizures and peasants councils. Then it studies the organisation and functioning of the expropriated latifundia (reformed sector) and analyses why socialist relations of production failed to develop. Finally it attempts an assessment of Popular Unity's agrarian policy in the light of the failure of the revolutionary forces to capture power and initiate a transition to socialism in Chile.

Agrarian Reform in post-Soviet Russia : the Point of View of an Historian, Victor Danilov
Contrary to all expectations, Russian farmers did not receive favourably the agrarian reform which was supposed to free them at last. Far from taking advantage of the right given to them of leaving the Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz, they chose to adopt an attitude of open resistance to decollectivization. According to the author, the failure of the agrarian reform is explained in a large part by the «bureaucratic extremism» with which it was accomplished during the winter 1992-1993, and also by the extreme subdivision of the process of production and by the lack of support given to cooperative and individual formulas. The end of price controls and the deregulation of services increased the inequality between urban and rural areas. From Stolypin to Gorbachev, the transformation of the countryside has always been forced upon it from above. With no autonomy of management and no real freedom of choice, farmers remain victims of the Nomenklatura. The crisis in agriculture which is reflected in the general decrease of production opens a new era of uncertainty.

The uncertain course of agrarian reform in Russia.
In Russia to-day, liberals and conservatives are agreed in the view that the agrarian reform is a failure. However the crisis is analysed, it is clear that the agricultural policy introduced by the liberals in December 1991 has, so to speak, foundered amid a confusion of aims. In the present article, the authors are first of all examining the principles underlying the reform, and then its implementation, before stopping to consider the nature of the obstacles which reduced to uncertainty the aims of these reforms, as stated by the authorities. However, it will be seen that a new socio-economic structure is taking shape in Russian agriculture, whose two poles are represented by the « farmers », a sector which attracts those who are at present able to be assimilated by the market, and, on the other hand, collective bodies which have been « reorganized ».

International audience ; Share cropping, a widespread practice before the revolution, which then was no longer talked about or was even denied during the process of agrarian reform, has been developing again in Mexico since the 1950s, in a revised form: cattle leasing. The resulting new social relationship has become characteristic of pioneer fronts of beef cattle breeding over a large portion of the tropical regions, particularly near the country's Atlantic coastline, receiving higher rainfall and more favourable for pasture to grow. In contrast to the classic form of share cropping, characterized by a monopoly the large-scale property owners exert over land, this version operates under a system of reverse tenancy. Most farmers benefiting from colonization programmes possessed insufficient means of production and were compelled to call upon the large-scale stockbreeders to provide them with the cattle necessary o develop the land they were allocated, in exchange for payment of half theproceeds to the livestock owner. The spread of cattle leasing therefore revealsa certain continuity in the balance of power between the different componentsof the rural society, persisting beyond the agrarian reform. Land ownership hasbecome a secondary component in these interrelationships,whereas controlover capital is now the important factor and is the basis of thelivestock owners'hegemony. ; Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s'est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l'élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l'herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d'élevage s'est appuyée sur une inversion du rapport de propriété (reverse tenancy). Trop faiblement dotés de moyens de production, la majorité des bénéficiaires des programmes de colonisation a en effet été contrainte de faire appel à de grands éleveurs pour se procurer le bétail nécessaire à la mise en valeur des terres qui lui avaient été allouées, contre paiement de la moitié du produit au propriétaire du bétail. La généralisation des baux à cheptel révèle ainsi une certaine continuité dans les rapports de force entre les composantes du monde rural, au-delà de la réforme agraire : la propriété foncière est devenue une composante secondaire de ces rapports, tandis que la maîtrise du capital assied l'hégémonie du propriétaire du cheptel vif.

International audience ; Share cropping, a widespread practice before the revolution, which then was no longer talked about or was even denied during the process of agrarian reform, has been developing again in Mexico since the 1950s, in a revised form: cattle leasing. The resulting new social relationship has become characteristic of pioneer fronts of beef cattle breeding over a large portion of the tropical regions, particularly near the country's Atlantic coastline, receiving higher rainfall and more favourable for pasture to grow. In contrast to the classic form of share cropping, characterized by a monopoly the large-scale property owners exert over land, this version operates under a system of reverse tenancy. Most farmers benefiting from colonization programmes possessed insufficient means of production and were compelled to call upon the large-scale stockbreeders to provide them with the cattle necessary o develop the land they were allocated, in exchange for payment of half theproceeds to the livestock owner. The spread of cattle leasing therefore revealsa certain continuity in the balance of power between the different componentsof the rural society, persisting beyond the agrarian reform. Land ownership hasbecome a secondary component in these interrelationships,whereas controlover capital is now the important factor and is the basis of thelivestock owners'hegemony. ; Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s'est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l'élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l'herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d'élevage s'est appuyée sur une inversion du rapport de propriété (reverse tenancy). Trop faiblement dotés de moyens de production, la majorité des bénéficiaires des programmes de colonisation a en effet été contrainte de faire appel à de grands éleveurs pour se procurer le bétail nécessaire à la mise en valeur des terres qui lui avaient été allouées, contre paiement de la moitié du produit au propriétaire du bétail. La généralisation des baux à cheptel révèle ainsi une certaine continuité dans les rapports de force entre les composantes du monde rural, au-delà de la réforme agraire : la propriété foncière est devenue une composante secondaire de ces rapports, tandis que la maîtrise du capital assied l'hégémonie du propriétaire du cheptel vif.

International audience ; Share cropping, a widespread practice before the revolution, which then was no longer talked about or was even denied during the process of agrarian reform, has been developing again in Mexico since the 1950s, in a revised form: cattle leasing. The resulting new social relationship has become characteristic of pioneer fronts of beef cattle breeding over a large portion of the tropical regions, particularly near the country's Atlantic coastline, receiving higher rainfall and more favourable for pasture to grow. In contrast to the classic form of share cropping, characterized by a monopoly the large-scale property owners exert over land, this version operates under a system of reverse tenancy. Most farmers benefiting from colonization programmes possessed insufficient means of production and were compelled to call upon the large-scale stockbreeders to provide them with the cattle necessary o develop the land they were allocated, in exchange for payment of half theproceeds to the livestock owner. The spread of cattle leasing therefore revealsa certain continuity in the balance of power between the different componentsof the rural society, persisting beyond the agrarian reform. Land ownership hasbecome a secondary component in these interrelationships,whereas controlover capital is now the important factor and is the basis of thelivestock owners'hegemony. ; Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s'est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l'élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l'herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d'élevage s'est appuyée sur une inversion du rapport de propriété (reverse tenancy). Trop faiblement dotés de moyens de production, la majorité des bénéficiaires des programmes de colonisation a en effet été contrainte de faire appel à de grands éleveurs pour se procurer le bétail nécessaire à la mise en valeur des terres qui lui avaient été allouées, contre paiement de la moitié du produit au propriétaire du bétail. La généralisation des baux à cheptel révèle ainsi une certaine continuité dans les rapports de force entre les composantes du monde rural, au-delà de la réforme agraire : la propriété foncière est devenue une composante secondaire de ces rapports, tandis que la maîtrise du capital assied l'hégémonie du propriétaire du cheptel vif.

International audience ; Share cropping, a widespread practice before the revolution, which then was no longer talked about or was even denied during the process of agrarian reform, has been developing again in Mexico since the 1950s, in a revised form: cattle leasing. The resulting new social relationship has become characteristic of pioneer fronts of beef cattle breeding over a large portion of the tropical regions, particularly near the country's Atlantic coastline, receiving higher rainfall and more favourable for pasture to grow. In contrast to the classic form of share cropping, characterized by a monopoly the large-scale property owners exert over land, this version operates under a system of reverse tenancy. Most farmers benefiting from colonization programmes possessed insufficient means of production and were compelled to call upon the large-scale stockbreeders to provide them with the cattle necessary o develop the land they were allocated, in exchange for payment of half theproceeds to the livestock owner. The spread of cattle leasing therefore revealsa certain continuity in the balance of power between the different componentsof the rural society, persisting beyond the agrarian reform. Land ownership hasbecome a secondary component in these interrelationships,whereas controlover capital is now the important factor and is the basis of thelivestock owners'hegemony. ; Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s'est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l'élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l'herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d'élevage s'est appuyée sur une inversion du rapport de propriété (reverse tenancy). Trop faiblement dotés de moyens de production, la majorité des bénéficiaires des programmes de colonisation a en effet été contrainte de faire appel à de grands éleveurs pour se procurer le bétail nécessaire à la mise en valeur des terres qui lui avaient été allouées, contre paiement de la moitié du produit au propriétaire du bétail. La généralisation des baux à cheptel révèle ainsi une certaine continuité dans les rapports de force entre les composantes du monde rural, au-delà de la réforme agraire : la propriété foncière est devenue une composante secondaire de ces rapports, tandis que la maîtrise du capital assied l'hégémonie du propriétaire du cheptel vif.