Suchergebnisse

This article aims to test competing explanations about the US foreign aid policy, namely interest-driven theory, humanitarian theory, and domestic political theory. Using longitudinal data on the amount of Official Development Assistance provided by the US to 155 recipient countries from 1960 to 2008, analyzed using random coefficient models, the research found that humanitarian and domestic political theories can account for the US foreign aid policy to the recipient countries for almost five decades better than the interest-driven theory. Generally, the US were more likely to send aid to poorer countries and/or countries where the US-based NGOs were actively involved. The econometric models also show that there are some cross-sectional and temporal variations in the aid. On average, countries receiving high amount of aid in the 1960s tend to have lower annual growth rate in the money they received from the US.

South South Cooperation (SSC) is a form of development cooperation between developing countries based on the principle of solidarity, equality (mutual opportunity) and the principle of mutual benefit. Indonesia is one of the member countries of Cooperation which is active as a foreign aid provider for SSC partner countries. So far, the available discussions have only focused on the benefits of South South Cooperation (SSC) on Indonesia's national interests. This journal examines from another perspective on the impact of Indonesia's foreign assistance on the development of member states of South South Cooperation. The research method used was descriptive qualitative with a focus on providing assistance in the Asian region. Foreign aid provided by Indonesia focuses more on training and community empowerment programs. Indonesia also provided financial assistance but the value was no greater than non-financial assistance worth US $ 60 million. In addition, Indonesia's foreign aid for conflict countries in Asia includes educational, economic, health and social programs that aim to help and alleviate the suffering of people in the midst of conflict. The impact of the provision of non-financial assistance is that people in developing countries in Asia get new knowledge, skills and information to be implemented in their countries and increase community empowerment so that they are not increasingly dependent on foreign financial assistance.

The research is aimed to know the local government ability in decentralization schema according to the local government financial report that using decentralization fiscal level between central and local government. The result shows that ratio between the local government income (PAD) and total income of local government (TPD) for all local government in Yogyakarta Province in 1996-2006 is very low, less than 10%. The ratio between production sharing for tax and non-tax (BHPBP) and total income of local government (TPD) is also low. Therefore, these phenomena indicate that the ratio of decentralization financial is very low. Other ways to know the local government financial report is using independent level of government local that used the income of the local government for their budget. This shows that the local governmet income (PAD) contribution in the total expenditure of local government (TKD) is still low; therefore the local government financial autonomy is very low. According to those results, the decentralization implementation in Yogyakarta province is not success. The factors that influence in financial autonomy level are contribution level, aid level, government funding, and economy potential. These factors contribute in local government financial level at Yogyakarta Province. This paper shows that contribution level (BM) and PDRB significantly affect local government financial level. Therefore, the BM has negative relation but PDRB has positive one to the autonomy financial level. Beside that, aid variable (BN) and government funding (PP) only have a small effect in the autonomy financial level. Keywords: decentralization, financial autonomy level, local government income

United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country. ; United States and the Soviet Union is a country on the part of allies who emerged as the winner during World War II. However, after reaching the Allied victory in the situation soon changed, man has become an opponent. United States and the Soviet Union are competing to expand the influence and power. To compete the United States strive continuously strengthen itself both in the economic and military by establishing a defense pact and aid agencies in the field of economy. During the Cold War the two are not fighting directly in one of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the United States. However, if understood, teradinya the Korean War and the Vietnam War is a result of tensions between the two countries and is a direct warfare conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Cold War ended in conflict with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as the winner of the country.

There is a great resistance from several Asian country leaders towards democracy. Basically, they view that the US has "forced" some Asian countries to implement its model of government which is thought to be a good form of government for all countries, particularly in terms of placing democracy as a "yardstick" when some of the countries need International Aids. While actually, they argue that what works for one country does not necessarily appropriate for others. Lee Kuan Yew argue that what people's real need is a "good government", whase its implementation might differ for each country and might also differ from "Western" values. Nevertheless, some observers have criticized the concept as well. They argue that it has been implemented on the expense of restricting political space available for he citizens. This essay will elaborate each of the claims and will try to provide a tentative alternative which might need further discussion. Keywords: Democracy; Good government; Western Values

Implementation Evaluation of food Barn Communities Program in Subak Seronggo, Pangkungkarung Village, Sub District Kerambitan, Tabanan RegencyThe economic crisis in 1998 has affected the national food security in household sphere. Food security is the strength of a nation to maintain the stability of national food and thus, the government established a program focuses on maintaining the stability of national food security using food barn communities program. Each program developed by the government needs someone to evaluate it so there will be indicator of the program success. The purpose of the research is finding out the food barn program evaluation in Subak Seronggo. This research was conducted in Subak Seronggo, Pangkungkarung Village, Sub District Kerambitan, Tabanan Regency. The population of Subak Seronggo is 100 people. The determination of samples uses simple random sampling. Respondent were drawn by 50 people. The result is showed on the growth phase that the government gives the requirement used to run the food barns program. The development phase can be categorized as a good achievement with score (3,71), the autonomy phase can be categorized in medium level of achievements with score (3,33). The result is in good level of achievements with score (3,98). Based on the result, the food mow in the Subak Seronggo is categorized as good, it is because the members manage and utilize the aid using the agreement that formed according to the group deals so that the social discrepancy in the group can be avoided.

Budgeting for a state or a country seems to be the most important part to handle administration and government policy in term of socio economic reason. In practice, a lot of government tends to subscribe a balance budget whereby it is striving to balance between revenues and expenditures accurately. Unfortunately, this balancing post uses a debt and foreign aid charged by interest to cover any shortage in revenues. In the real context, the budget deficit management based on debt is still controversial and considered inappropriate with developing country conditions which their economies are unstable and fluctuated. Unfortunately, many countries in the world including Muslim-populated countries subscribe budget deficit system whereby the sources of its fund are backed up by debt. The focus of this paper is to analyze two main sensitive issues of the Indonesian economy in the light of Maqasid Al Shariah. This study employs a method of literature review and combined with data analysis. Actually, Islam has a very rich literature legacy in administrating public sector economy and it becomes important theory and framework as a stance or point of view to analyze the prevailing system. The high interest rate payment is the main issue of public sector expenditure. Indonesian government seems no choices to resolve its public sector economy and relies too much on debt management. For social welfare expenditure there has been a misallocation in emphasizing budget expenditure whereby oil and petroleum subsidy consume almost majority of the total welfare expenditure in Indonesian public sector economy

This study investigates the contribution of Islamic banks and Islamic windows to the growth of the Nigerian economy. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires. 379 copies of questionnaires were administered based on the sample size obtained via the use of Taro Yamane formula. 367 questionnaires were successfully retrieved. Variables such as deposit activities, loan activities, and perception of bank employees were also adopted as explanatory or independent variable and dependent variable respectively. To support the study hypothesis were also formulated. For the analysis, measures of central tendency (tables, frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Logit Regression) were used. The result revealed that the variables (i.e. deposit and loan activities) have a positive impact on the growth of Nigeria's economy because the probability values of the variables (P=0.003 and 0.019) were less than alpha (α =0.05) level of significance. In other words, this implies that Islamic banks and windows have largely supported private consumption, business investments of its customers, aid government spending via sharia bonds (sukuk) to fund developmental projects of its customers. The study concludes that Islamic banks and windows have contributed towards the growth of the Nigeria's economy. Furthermore, the study recommends that there is need for creating the necessary legal framework to ensure its smooth operations, intensify efforts on creating public awareness, rolling out more sharia compliant products that can take care of the peculiarities that exist in business environment and training and retraining of staff on effective Islamic banking.

This research analyzes international refugees' presence in Indonesia, which gives local challenges for the Indonesian subnational Government as a transit location. This research uses a paradiplomacy perspective to analyze the West Jakarta Government's response to the foreign refugees in its territory. West Jakarta is one of the Administrative Cities in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. This research uses a qualitative research method. The research data sources were collected and analyzed from literature studies, current news, and socio-political theories. This research found that West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy occurs due to differences in regulations applies. Moreover, this process can be parallel alongside the Central Government (Indonesian Government) in handling refugees in their territory following a local-regional wisdom approach. The West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy carried out by coordinating the distribution of aid to refugees, working with stakeholders in handling international and national refugee issues, and managing refugee handling policies in transit locations where refugees live, especially in Kalideres, West Jakarta, Indonesia. These handling efforts aim to prevent horizontal conflicts between refugees and local people and achieve subnational interests in the form of support materially, financially, and politically. ; Penelitian ini menganalisis keberadaan pengungsi internasional di Indonesia yang memberikan tantangan lokal bagi Pemerintah subnasional Indonesia sebagai lokasi transit. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif paradiplomasi untuk menganalisis respon Pemerintah Jakarta Barat terhadap pengungsi asing di wilayahnya. Jakarta Barat merupakan salah satu Kota Administratif di Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dari studi literatur, berita terkini, dan teori-teori sosial politik. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa paradiplomasi Pemerintah Jakarta Barat terjadi karena adanya perbedaan regulasi yang berlaku. Apalagi, proses ini bisa paralel dengan Pemerintah Pusat (Pemerintah Indonesia) dalam menangani pengungsi di wilayahnya dengan pendekatan kearifan lokal-regional. Paradiplomasi Pemerintah Jakarta Barat dilakukan dengan mengkoordinasikan penyaluran bantuan kepada pengungsi, bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) dalam penanganan permasalahan pengungsi internasional dan nasional, serta mengelola kebijakan penanganan pengungsi di lokasi transit tempat tinggal pengungsi, khususnya di Kalideres, Jakarta Barat. Upaya penanganan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah konflik horizontal antara pengungsi dan masyarakat lokal serta mencapai kepentingan subnasional dalam bentuk dukungan material, finansial, dan politik.

In the 1970s,Indonesiais one of thepoorest countries inAsia. In 1976, 54million people in Indonesia(40% of the population) belong to the categoryof poor. In1980-1990anperiodis a period ofhigh economic growth. High economicgrowthis closely linkedwithpoverty reductiondrasticallywhere the numberof poor peoplefell by almost50% from40millionto 22million peoplein 1981s/d1996.In the year2010 the numberof poor peopleamounted to31.02 million people, or about 13:33% andthe poverty ratein March2009 amounted to32.53million, or about 14:15% (BPS). LastBPS dataperSeptember 2013shows that there are28.59millionor11.66% ofthe totalpopulationinIndonesia.PovertyinIndonesia hasdecreasedsignificantlysincethe reformera. Acceleration ofpoverty reductionprogramsinIndonesiais donewithgoodsynergywork programsatnational and local levels. Poverty reduction programscurrently dividedinseveralclusters: Cluster(1) Direct AidSociety(BLM). Thisclusterincludes theSchool Operational Assistance(BOS), Community Health Insurance(Assurance), Ricefor the Poor(Raskin), Family Hope Program(PKH). Cluster1goalistoreducepovertyandimprove thequality ofhuman resources, especiallythe poor.Cluster (2) is the national community empowerment Program (PNPM) independently. The purpose of PNPM Mandiri is to increase prosperity and employment opportunities of the poor independently. Cluster (3) people's business credit (KUR) is a people's business credit is given to the poor without collateral to the community a certain amount. Purpose to provide and strengthening economic access for businessmen of small and micro-scale. An important aspect in strengthening is giving them freely to access of the poor to be able to try and improve the quality of life.In 2011 the Government carry out a Cluster of clusters of four. This Cluster includes: (1) the provision of the House very cheap, (2) a cheap public transport Vehicles, (3) clean water to the people, (4) enhancement of Life for fishermen, (5) improvement of Urban Edge Community Life. The 4 Cluster in the framework of poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), so the expected goal of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 is reached. As it known that the millennium development goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is an attempt to meet the basic needs of the rights of man through a joint commitment between the 189 UN Member States to implement the 8 (eight) Millennium development goals, namely (1) tackling poverty and hunger, (2) achieve primary education for all, (3) encourage gender equality and the empowerment of women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) fight against spread of HIVAIDS, malaria and other contagious diseases, (7) Living and Sustainability (8) global partnership in development. Eight of these targets as measurable goals for a single package of development and poverty reduction.In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Summit, where world leaders agreed on eight development goals that are specific and measurable global called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first seven goals focus on eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality; In September 2000, the United Nations improve maternal health, combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Whereas the eighth goal calls for the establishment of a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.However approach the year 2015, global world will experience the transformation of the global development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The shifting of the MDGs to the SDGs doesn't mean the goal contained in the MDGs fail is reached. Quite the contrary, many world records that reveal the success in various countries, there is a remarkable improvement experienced by the poor countries in the ranking of HDI (human development index) the lowest. In the last 40 years, the State- countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report in the 2013 Global Monitoring Report also explain the positive trend in the achievement of the MDGs. reduction of half of the world's poor population, reduction of half of the population without access to clean water, the Elimination of gender inequality in primary education in 2015, and the improvement of life in a hundred million slums by 2020 was reached more quickly, i.e. in 2010. ADB, a number of countries in Asia also experienced progress in achieving the millennium development goals. The number of poor population has decreased significantly in Malaysia, Viet Nam and China. In Thailand and Malaysia, long-term policies to overcome poverty coupled with their concern for the environment has made the countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report, these countries are on a sustainable growth path. But not so the case with Indonesia, a country with a diversity of biodiversity in forests is raining but the risorsis contained therein are not managed sustainably and fairly.Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be forwarded to Suistanable Development Goals (SDGs). The MDGs will expire in 2015, but until now there has been no final draft which will forward the MDGs program. to that end, scientists and many quarters trying to deepen the concept of SDGs as successor to the MDGs. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primary education, maternal health, clean water.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan di Hutan Jaya Lestari koperasi di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan di lihat sukses untuk memotivasi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam develoment masyarakat hutan. Ini berhasil ditunjukkan dengan tingginya minat masyarakat untuk mengasosiasikan dengan KHJL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi bentuk bangunan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Koperasi Hutan Jaya Lestari kepada masyarakat, untuk memahami tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan, pendapatan, motivasi, kepemimpinan, dan bimbingan, menuju Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kombinasi kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan survei menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara intensif, observating, dan membuat dokumentasi. Keputusan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling, dengan 113 jumlah rumah tangga sampel. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik penilaian, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara variabel dengan menggunakan Pearson Product Moment uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program pembangunan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Koperasi Hutan Jaya Lestari yang menganugerahkan bantuan benih sebagai stimulus, konseling, pelatihan, pemantauan lokasi hutan kemasyarakatan, dan membantu para petani untuk berhubungan dengan benih penyedia dan instansi pemerintah. Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat pada tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pemeliharaan diklasifikasikan menengah. Pendidikan dan pendapatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat, sedangkan motivasi, kepemimpinan, dan konstruksi menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan. Yang paling berpengaruh faktor untuk tingkat partisipasi masyarakat adalah motivasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis menyarankan bahwa pemerintah daerah Konawe Selatan melakukan pembangunan masyarakat dan memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi untuk pembangunan hutan. ABSTRACT This research was conducted at Hutan Jaya Lestari cooperative in South Konawe regency viewed succesful to motivate the society to participated in develoment of forest community. This succeed is shown with the high interest of the society to associate with KHJL. The research aims to evaluate the forms of community building done by Hutan Jaya Lestari Cooperative to society, to understand the society's participation level in development of community forest, and to know the effect of education, income, motivation, leadership, and guidance, toward the society's participation level in development of community forest.The method used in this study is the combination of quantitative and qualitative. The data were collected with survey using a questionnaire, interviewing intensively , observating, and making documentation. The samples decision was done by proportional random sampling technique, with 113 number of sample households. The analysis of data was conducted with scoring techniques, and to know the influence between variables by using Pearson Product Moment correlation test. The result of research shows that the community building program done by Hutan Jaya Lestari Cooperative are bestowing of seed aid as a stimulus, counseling, training, monitoring the location of community forest, and helping the farmers to relate to seed providers and government institution. The level of society's participation in development of community forest at the stage of planning, implementation, and maintenance classified medium. Education and income do not influence significantly to the level of society's participation in development of community forest, whereas the motivation, leadership, and construction indicate significant influence. The most influence factor to the level of society's participation is motivation. Based on the result of the research, the authors suggested that the regional government of South Konawe conduct community building and provide opportunities to communities for participate to forest development.