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The first amendment guarantee of free exercise of religion, although couched in absolute terms, has never been considered an absolute right. The first significant free exercise case, Reynolds v.United States,' upheld the conviction of a Mormon polygamist who claimed a religious exemption from the bigamy laws on the basis of the first amendment. The Court held that while Congress was left powerless to legislate in matters of mere opinion, it was nonetheless" left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order."' Susan E. Dominick ========================= The instant decision appears to be the first in recent times to invalidate an exercise of federal commerce power because of intrusion upon state sovereignty. Aptly noting that the Supreme Court itself, in Wirtz and Fry, never refused to consider the impact of a federal regulation upon the ability of a state to function in the federal system, the court reaches the eminently logical conclusion that while a showing of interference with state sovereignty per se will not defeat an otherwise valid exercise of federal commerce power, a point does exist on a commerce power continuum beyond which state sovereignty is so seriously impaired that the exercise of the power becomes unconstitutional. Robert D. Butters ================== Prompted by the financial difficulties of the Ampex Corporation in 1972,' several investors' in Ampex brought a class action against the corporation, its officers, and its independent auditor for damages suffered from purchasing securities over a two-year period during which Ampex had published numerous allegedly misleading corporate documents, inflating the market price of those securities in violation of Section 10(b) of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act and Rule 10b-51 promulgated under that Act. Walter T. Eccard

Ponencia presentada en: IX Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Almería entre el 28 y el 30 de octubre de 2014. ; [ES]El impacto del cambio climático en la calidad del aire a largo plazo es un factor que no se está considerando actualmente en los planes de mejora de la calidad del aire establecidos por las diferentes administraciones regionales, nacionales y europeas. Por tanto, es necesario actualizar la información disponible sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) con el fin de incluir los impactos climáticos regionales sobre la calidad del aire. El uso de nuevos modelos climáticos/transporte químico con alta resolución nos permite obtener resultados en periodos climáticamente significativos. Con este objetivo, se ha caracterizado, para el escenario SRES A2, cómo el cambio climático afecta a las concentraciones de fondo de benzo(a)pireno (BaP), un producto químico cancerígeno para los que existen ciertas directrices sobre sus niveles. Pero, sobre todo, se desea estudiar cómo (y dónde) las zonas que superan umbrales peligrosos para la salud sufren de la influencia del cambio climático sobre el continente europeo. ; [EN]The impact of climate change on air quality in the long term is a factor that is not currently being considered in plans to improve air quality in the different regional, national and European administrations. It is therefore necessary to update the information currently available on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to include regional climatic impacts on air quality, using new regional climate/chemistry transport models with high resolution that allow the establishment of the climate impacts on persistent pollutants, considering the results for significant periods. To this aim, we have characterised, for SRES A2 scenario, how climate change affects background concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic chemical for which some guidelines and legislation already exist. But above all, how (and where) would these current health safety concentration ...

The purpose of this study was to determine groundwater quality based on parameters of pH, COD, and BOD levels. These parameters are in accordance with Government Regulation No. 82 the year 2001 that concern the management of water quality and control of water pollution. pH meter was used for pH measurement. For COD concentration, the titrimetric titration was used while the iodometric titration for BOD concentrations. The results showed that the pH value of water was 7.9, the COD level was 7.84 mg/L and the BOD level was 1.68 mg/L. According to Government Regulations No. 82 the year 2001, it states that the level of COD based on its class is 10 mg/L (class I), and BOD based on its class is 2 mg/L. Therefore, the result of the COD and BOD concentrations are below of class 1 standards, it means the groundwater quality for two parameters in the Petobo area is still suitable for daily use. ; The purpose of this study was to determine groundwater quality based on parameters of pH, COD, and BOD levels. These parameters are in accordance with Government Regulation No. 82 the year 2001 that concern the management of water quality and control of water pollution. pH meter was used for pH measurement. For COD concentration, the titrimetric titration was used while the iodometric titration for BOD concentrations. The results showed that the pH value of water was 7.9, the COD level was 7.84 mg/L and the BOD level was 1.68 mg/L. According to Government Regulations No. 82 the year 2001, it states that the level of COD based on its class is 10 mg/L (class I), and BOD based on its class is 2 mg/L. Therefore, the result of the COD and BOD concentrations are below of class 1 standards, it means the groundwater quality for two parameters in the Petobo area is still suitable for daily use.

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Retraction. Risk Analysis 25: 6, 1683 In the framework of the APHEIS program (Air Pollution and Health: A European Information System), a health impact assessment of air pollution in 26 European cities was performed for particles of an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10). For short‐term effects, it was based on overall estimates from the APHEA‐2 project (Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach). These city‐specific risk assessments require city‐specific concentration‐response functions, raising the question of which concentration‐response is most appropriate. Estimates from city‐specific models are more specific, but have greater uncertainty than those provided from multicity analyses. We compared several estimates derived from the city‐specific analyses in cities that were part of the APHEA‐2 project, as well as in a city that was not included in APHEA‐2 but was part of the APHEIS project. These estimates were: the estimates from a local regression model, the adjusted estimates based on two significant effect modifiers identified through meta‐regression models, and the city‐specific empirical Bayes (shrunken) estimates and their underlying distribution. The shrunken and adjusted estimates were used to improve the estimation of city‐specific concentration‐response function. From these different estimates, attributable numbers of deaths per year were calculated. The advantages and limits of the different approaches are discussed through real data and in a simulation study.

Systems -- Conceptual Design of Riverbank Filtration Systems -- American Experience in Installing Horizontal Collector Wells -- German Experience with Riverbank Filtration Systems -- Riverbank Filtration Construction Options Considered at Louisville, Kentucky -- Operation and Maintenance Considerations -- Contaminant Removal -- Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and Toxins Using Riverbank Filtration -- Riverbank Filtration Case Study at Louisville, Kentucky -- Reduction in Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and Pathogens During Riverbank Filtration at Three Midwestern United States Drinking-Water Utilities -- Occurrence, Characteristics, Transport, and Fate of Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Products, and Personal Care Products at Riverbank Filtration Sites -- Effectiveness of Riverbank Filtration Sites to Mitigate Shock Loads -- Riverbank Filtration as a Pretreatment for Nanofiltration Membranes -- Water-Quality Improvements with Riverbank Filtration at Düsseldorf Waterworks in Germany -- Research, Needs -- Infiltration Rate Variability and Research Needs -- Siting and Design Issues for Riverbank Filtration Schemes -- Natural Organic Matter Removal During Riverbank Filtration: Current Knowledge and Research Needs -- Research Needs to Improve the Understanding of Riverbank Filtration for Pathogenic Microorganism Removal -- Organic Chemical Removal Issues.

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause respiratory and heart diseases, which have a great negative impact on human health. While, as a fast-developing region, the Belt and Road (B&R) has suffered serious air pollution, more detailed information has not been revealed. This study aims to investigate the evolutionary relationships between PM2.5 air pollution and its population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) over the B&R based on satellite-derived PM2.5 concentration and to identify the key regions for exposure control in the future. For this, the study focused on the B&R region, covering 51 countries, ranging from developed to least developed levels, extensively evaluated the different development levels of PM2.5 concentrations during 2000–2020 by spatial-temporal trend analysis and bivariate spatial correlation, then identified the key regions with high risk under different levels of Air Quality Guidelines (AQG). Results show that the overall PM2.5 and PWEL of PM2.5 concentration remained stable. Developing countries presented with the heaviest PM2.5 pollution and highest value of PWEL of PM2.5 concentration, while least developed countries presented with the fastest increase of both PM2.5 and PWEL of PM2.5 concentration. Areas with a high level and rapid increase PWEL of PM2.5 concentration were mainly located in the developing countries of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, the developed country of Saudi Arabia, and least developed countries of Yemen and Myanmar. The key regions at high risk were mainly on the Indian Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula, coastal area of the Persian Gulf, northwestern China, and North China Plain. The findings of this research would be beneficial to identify the spatial distributions of PM2.5 concentration exposure and offer suggestions for formulating policies for the prevention and control PM2.5 air pollution at regional scale by the governments.

This volume considers, in depth, some valuation methods and aspects of cost benefit analysis, and policy making in environmental economics. Part I contains a number of contingent valuation studies for non-market assets. Part II consists of contributions on the valuation of health and life, and deals with the benefits of reduced morbidity from air pollution control. In Part III, cost benefit analysis for environmental policy-making is discussed in a disequilibrium setting, and in a macroeconomic context. Finally, Part IV deals with aspects of policy-making, particularly benefit estimation for complex policies, and the international aspects of transboundary air pollution in Europe. The book should not only appeal to students and researchers in university departments of economics and ``environmental sciences'' but also to those working in public organisations and associated advisory institutes which are concerned with environmental problems

This volume considers, in depth, some valuation methods and aspects of cost benefit analysis, and policy making in environmental economics. Part I contains a number of contingent valuation studies for non-market assets. Part II consists of contributions on the valuation of health and life, and deals with the benefits of reduced morbidity from air pollution control. In Part III, cost benefit analysis for environmental policy-making is discussed in a disequilibrium setting, and in a macroeconomic context. Finally, Part IV deals with aspects of policy-making, particularly benefit estimation for complex policies, and the international aspects of transboundary air pollution in Europe. The book should not only appeal to students and researchers in university departments of economics and ``environmental sciences'' but also to those working in public organisations and associated advisory institutes which are concerned with environmental problems.