Cover title: Circular instructions of the Bank of British North America for the use of officers only, 1909. ; As it was the duty of bank officers to keep this book up to date, many circulars issued later than July 1, 1909 are included in the form of manuscript notes. These added circulars appear on the pages on the right, which have been left blank for that purpose. ; "This book contains the Instructions issued up to and inclusive of Circular No. 973 of 22nd July, 1909."--p. [4] ; "As this Book contains particulars of the terms on which the Bank undertakes certain branches of its business, the contents must be considered as confidential, and the Book must be kept locked ." ; Includes index. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44
This article explores the early history of Association Football in South America through the case study of the first translations of the rules of the game from English into Portuguese and Spanish. It demonstrates, by means of a comparison of the different temporalities and contexts of these documents, the connected and transnational nature of the sport. This has often been neglected in national paradigm studies of football pioneers and the first matches, clubs and leagues. The study of the translators suggests new avenues for the study of the interlinked histories of sport, politics and culture.
In: de Looze , M , Huijts , T , Stevens , G , Torsheim , T & Vollebergh , W A M 2018 , ' The happiest kids on earth. Gender equality and adolescent life satisfaction in Europe and North America ' , Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol. 47 , no. 5 , pp. 1073-1085 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0756-7
Cross-national differences in adolescent life satisfaction in Europe and North America are consistent, but remain poorly understood. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the explanatory role of economic factors, such as national wealth and income equality, they revealed weak associations, at most. This study examines whether societal gender equality can explain the observed cross-national variability in adolescent life satisfaction. Based on the assumption that gender equality fosters a supportive social context, for example within families through a more equal involvement of fathers and mothers in child care tasks, adolescent life satisfaction was expected to be higher in more gender-equal countries. To test this hypothesis, national-level data of gender equality (i.e., women's share in political participation, decision making power, economic participation and command over resources) were linked to data from 175,470 adolescents aged 11-16 years old (M (age) = 13.6, SD = 1.64, 52% girls) from 34 European and North American countries involved in the 2009/10 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Results of linear multilevel regression analyses indicate that adolescents in countries with relatively high levels of gender equality report higher life satisfaction than their peers in countries with lower levels of gender equality. The association between gender equality and adolescent life satisfaction remained significant after controlling for national wealth and income equality. It was equally strong for boys and girls. Moreover, the association between gender equality and life satisfaction was explained by social support in the family, peer and school context. This analysis suggests that gender equality fosters social support among members of a society, which in turn contributes to adolescent life satisfaction. Thus, promoting gender equality is likely to benefit all members of a society; not just by giving equal rights to women and girls, but also by fostering a supportive social climate for all.
In: Pritchard , M E , Biggs , J , Wauthier , C , Sansosti , E , Arnold , D W D , Delgado , F , Ebmeier , S K , Henderson , S T , Stephens , K , Cooper , C , Wnuk , K , Amelung , F , Aguilar , V , Mothes , P , Macedo , O , Lara , L E , Poland , M P & Zoffoli , S 2018 , ' Towards coordinated regional multi-satellite InSAR volcano observations : results from the Latin America pilot project ' , Journal of Applied Volcanology , vol. 7 , no. 1 , 5 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-018-0074-0
Within Latin America, about 319 volcanoes have been active in the Holocene, but 202 of these volcanoes have no seismic, deformation or gas monitoring. Following the 2012 Santorini Report on satellite Earth Observation and Geohazards, the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) developed a 4-year pilot project (2013-2017) to demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to monitor large numbers of volcanoes cost-effectively, particularly in areas with scarce instrumentation and/or difficult access. The pilot aims to improve disaster risk management (DRM) by working directly with the volcano observatories that are governmentally responsible for volcano monitoring as well as with the international space agencies (ESA, CSA, ASI, DLR, JAXA, NASA, CNES). The goal is to make sure that the most useful data are collected at each volcano following the guidelines of the Santorini report that observation frequency is related to volcano activity, and to communicate the results to the local institutions in a timely fashion. Here we highlight how coordinated multi-satellite observations have been used by volcano observatories to monitor volcanoes and respond to crises. Our primary tool is measurements of ground deformation made by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), which have been used in conjunction with other observations to determine the alert level at these volcanoes, served as an independent check on ground sensors, guided the deployment of ground instruments, and aided situational awareness. During this time period, we find 26 volcanoes deforming, including 18 of the 28 volcanoes that erupted – those eruptions without deformation were less than 2 on the VEI scale. Another 7 volcanoes were restless and the volcano observatories requested satellite observations, but no deformation was detected. We describe the lessons learned about the data products and information that are most needed by the volcano observatories in the different countries using information collected by questionnaires. We ...
In: Dinerstein , A C & Motta , S C 2017 , ' Introduction to the Special Section : Social Movements and Social Emancipation in Latin America ' , Bulletin of Latin American Research , vol. 36 , no. 1 , BLAR12525 , pp. 3–4 . https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12525
'Emancipation' remains marginal as a theme within Latin American studies (LAS) with the focus on questions of institutional politics, democracy, democratization, citizenship and development. Yet for the past two decades social movements have been articulating new imaginaries, ideas and practices beyond traditionally conceived frameworks of social change. They are anticipating alternative arrangements towards a dignified collective life. In these alternative possibilities, emancipation does not allude to a revolutionary process to take the power of the state, but denotes other horizons that in principle transcend the state as the main locus of struggle. These movements pose methodological, theoretical and epistemological challenges to the study of Latin America.
In: Wade , P 2016 , ' Liberalism and its Contradictions: Democracy and Hierarchy in Mestizaje and Genomics in Latin America ' Latin American Research Review , vol 52 , no. 3 .
This article explores Latin American genomic studies of mestizaje and the way mestizaje's inherent contradiction between equality and hierarchy—a contradiction typical of liberalism—is managed in genomics. In Latin America, ideologies and practices of mestizaje may be seen as an antidote to hierarchies of race and class, but also as a terrain for the enactment of these hierarchies. Mestizaje mediates this contradiction between equality and hierarchy first by deploying the idea of sexual intimacy and family kinship across racial difference; and second by representing blackness and indigeneity as spatially peripheral and temporally backward-looking, thus naturalizing them as other. Multiculturalism can be seen as a recent variant on these themes, as well as a departure from them. Recent genomics research in Latin America strongly reiterates these ideas, while also adding some new twists. Despite its apparent connection with progressive politics and policies (anti-racism, better health for all, protection of human rights for victims of oppression), genomics here appears as a mainly conservative force.
In: Leyer , R V & Ferrero , J P 2016 , ' Social policy expansion, democracy and social mobilization in Latin America : Healthcare reform in Brazil and Mexico ' , Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research , vol. 22 , no. 2 , pp. 117-134 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2016.1229807
This article studies how and under what circumstances different socio-political formations are more likely to trigger and shape distinct modes of institutional reform and transform the structures of the state in greater or lesser degree. The focus is on health care reforms in the context of political liberalization: the Sistema Único de Saúde in Brazil and the Seguro Popular de Salud in Mexico. Both are part of the wave of welfare policy expansion observed in Latin America in recent decades and undertaken in the national contexts of transitions towards pluralistic democratic systems, but which at the same time represent opposite reform models: a universalistic model in Brazil and the layering of insurance programs in Mexico. Applying a comparative perspective, we seek to establish similarities and differences in the contexts under which the reform processes were undertaken and in the social and political arrangements that generated and drove them. Differences in the types of democratic transitions, the formation of cross-class coalitions and the institutional legacies from the populist regimes suggest that while in Brazil the process of democratization occurred together with the formation of an "initiative capacity," the absence of this in Mexico resulted in the reproduction of a segmented and unequal system.
In: Barrientos , A & Villa , J 2016 , ' Economic and political inclusion in human development conditional income transfer programmes in Latin America ' Social Policy and Society , vol 15 , no. 3 , pp. 421-433 . DOI:10.1017/S1474746416000075
Most countries in Latin America have implemented human development conditional income transfer programmes to address intergenerational persistence of poverty. Typically, these programmes provide income transfers to households in poverty, conditional on children attending school and on household members attending health clinics. Evaluations have established programmes reach their explicit short- and medium-term objectives, especially as regards nutrition, children's schooling and improved health care utilisation. It is too early to say whether they will be successful in reducing the intergenerational persistence of poverty. Crucially, this will depend on whether they contribute to the economic and political inclusion of groups in poverty. This article reviews the available literature and finds that participation in human development income transfer programmes leads to improvements in productive capacity but favourable labour market conditions will be needed to guarantee economic inclusion. Improved political participation associated with programme participation raises the prospects for greater political inclusion.
In: Stein , A 2012 , ' From civil wars to drug wars: The limits of decentralization policies in Central America ' European Journal of Development Research , vol 24 , no. 3 , pp. 319-336 . DOI:10.1057/ejdr.2012.10
In: Bebbington , A , Abramovay , R & Chiriboga , M 2008 , ' Social Movements and the Dynamics of Rural Territorial Development in Latin America ' World Development , vol 36 , no. 12 , pp. 2874-2887 . DOI:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.017 , 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.017
In: Wade , P 2001 , ' Racial identity and nationalism: A theoretical view from Latin America ' Ethnic and Racial Studies , vol 24 , no. 5 , pp. 845-865 . DOI:10.1080/01419870120064007
The empirical intersection of ideas about race and nation are well-established, but theoretical explanations for this are less developed. Some ideas are advanced about how and why ideologies of race, nation, gender and sexuality intertwine. This leads on to a consideration of the tensions between sameness and difference that are argued to be constitutive of national identities. From here, an argument is developed about dynamics of appropriation and the maintenance of hegemony in racially diverse and multicultural nations. These theoretical ideas are illustrated with material from Latin America, particularly Colombia, with reference to Colombian popular music as an important cultural form in nationalist expression.
"June 25, 1999." ; Shipping list no.: 99-0300-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Referred to the Committee on International Relations." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
"March 1984" ; Cover title. ; Affiliation of consultants and witnesses -- Foreword --Presidential Mandate -- Staff documents : list of appearances, individuals consulted during travel, list of lead consultants, staff organization --Addendum to the Commission report : Contadora objectives (The 21 points) --Country papers : Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica --Papers by lead consultants -- Other consultants -- Selected testimony. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Oct. 25 and 26, 1951 hearings were held in Memphis, Tenn. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part V ; Oct. 25 and 26, 1951 hearings were held in Memphis, Tenn. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Apr. 17 and 18 hearings were held in Cleveland, Ohio. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part V ; Apr. 17 and 18 hearings were held in Cleveland, Ohio. ; Mode of access: Internet.