Suchergebnisse

Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection of testimonies. However, in order to distinguish between recidivists and certain categories of convicted persons, the judiciary has for a long time used a power to mark guilty bodies. Nowadays, identification by the measure occupies a limited place in the nut procedure at the Prison Registry. It is mainly computerised. However, the 'reporting' part of the incarceration maintains, as a survivor, the mention of size, barb, eye colour, corpulence, hair colour, special signs and observations. The only identification measure is the taking of the left index stamp on the escort record. However, the identification of detainees remains a crucial issue for prison administration. ; International audience ; Reconnaissance a detainee appears to be a constant requirement in the long term of prison history. From the former regime to the present day, every person lawfully detained is subject to a special registration procedure which certifies that he or she has entered and left the detention facility. The nut register is thus the official book on which the identity of the detainees is entered. The prisoners were recognised for a long time by the 'morgueur' guard, who had the task of carefully disviewing any new entrant. Until the 19th century, the identification of the litigant generally consisted of a simple statement, verified during the proceedings by the collection ...

The study of modern human origin, variation and behaviour focused mainly on two distinct periods: the oxygen isotopic stages OIS 6 and 5e with the oldest anatomically modern human remains from Africa and the Middle East and the oxygen isotopic stages 2 and 1 with the expansion of modern humans all over the world. Currently, genetic studies agree to consider that extant human populations reflect only a restricted part of past modern human diversity. One of the key periods to try to understand the complex evolution of Homo sapiens is the oxygen isotopic stage 3. However, few complete human remai

Wearing a locomotion assistance exoskeleton allows to envisage a greater mobility of the soldier, to unload the joints, to limit the appearance of muscle fatigue and to limit energy expenditure. On the other hand, the design of locomotion assistance exoskeletons for military purposes is subject to strong constraints that make the deployment of exoskeletons difficult. Thus, musculoskeletal modelling is considered as a tool for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons to optimise and quantify the biomechanical benefits for future users.In this thesis, two generic and specific challenges related to musculoskeletal modelling are tackled. The first challenge intends to identify ranges of models representative of the population and to define generic morphological regression laws for the soldier. The second challenge is to implement methods for geometric and muscular personalization of musculoskeletal models. These methods are essential to perform consistent musculoskeletal simulations and to allow for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons. ; Le port d'un exosquelette d'assistance à la locomotion permet d'envisager une plus grande mobilité du soldat, de décharger les articulations, de limiter l'apparition de la fatigue musculaire et de limiter la dépense énergétique. En revanche, la conception des exosquelettes d'assistance à la locomotion à des fins militaires est soumise à de fortes contraintes qui rendent le déploiement d'exosquelette difficile. Ainsi, la modélisation musculo-squelettique est envisagée comme un outil pour la conception et l'évaluation afin d'optimiser et de quantifier les bénéfices biomécaniques pour les futurs utilisateurs.Dans cette thèse, on se propose de relever deux défis génériques et spécifiques liés à la modélisation musculo-squelettique. Le premier défi se propose d'identifier des gammes de modèles représentatives de la population et de définir des lois de régression morphologiques génériques pour le soldat. Le deuxième défi consiste à mettre en place des méthodes de personnalisation ...

Wearing a locomotion assistance exoskeleton allows to envisage a greater mobility of the soldier, to unload the joints, to limit the appearance of muscle fatigue and to limit energy expenditure. On the other hand, the design of locomotion assistance exoskeletons for military purposes is subject to strong constraints that make the deployment of exoskeletons difficult. Thus, musculoskeletal modelling is considered as a tool for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons to optimise and quantify the biomechanical benefits for future users.In this thesis, two generic and specific challenges related to musculoskeletal modelling are tackled. The first challenge intends to identify ranges of models representative of the population and to define generic morphological regression laws for the soldier. The second challenge is to implement methods for geometric and muscular personalization of musculoskeletal models. These methods are essential to perform consistent musculoskeletal simulations and to allow for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons. ; Le port d'un exosquelette d'assistance à la locomotion permet d'envisager une plus grande mobilité du soldat, de décharger les articulations, de limiter l'apparition de la fatigue musculaire et de limiter la dépense énergétique. En revanche, la conception des exosquelettes d'assistance à la locomotion à des fins militaires est soumise à de fortes contraintes qui rendent le déploiement d'exosquelette difficile. Ainsi, la modélisation musculo-squelettique est envisagée comme un outil pour la conception et l'évaluation afin d'optimiser et de quantifier les bénéfices biomécaniques pour les futurs utilisateurs.Dans cette thèse, on se propose de relever deux défis génériques et spécifiques liés à la modélisation musculo-squelettique. Le premier défi se propose d'identifier des gammes de modèles représentatives de la population et de définir des lois de régression morphologiques génériques pour le soldat. Le deuxième défi consiste à mettre en place des méthodes de personnalisation géométrique et musculaire des modèles musculo-squelettiques. Ces méthodes sont essentielles pour effectuer des simulations musculo-squelettiques cohérentes et pour permettre la conception et l'évaluation des exosquelettes.

Wearing a locomotion assistance exoskeleton allows to envisage a greater mobility of the soldier, to unload the joints, to limit the appearance of muscle fatigue and to limit energy expenditure. On the other hand, the design of locomotion assistance exoskeletons for military purposes is subject to strong constraints that make the deployment of exoskeletons difficult. Thus, musculoskeletal modelling is considered as a tool for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons to optimise and quantify the biomechanical benefits for future users.In this thesis, two generic and specific challenges related to musculoskeletal modelling are tackled. The first challenge intends to identify ranges of models representative of the population and to define generic morphological regression laws for the soldier. The second challenge is to implement methods for geometric and muscular personalization of musculoskeletal models. These methods are essential to perform consistent musculoskeletal simulations and to allow for the design and evaluation of exoskeletons. ; Le port d'un exosquelette d'assistance à la locomotion permet d'envisager une plus grande mobilité du soldat, de décharger les articulations, de limiter l'apparition de la fatigue musculaire et de limiter la dépense énergétique. En revanche, la conception des exosquelettes d'assistance à la locomotion à des fins militaires est soumise à de fortes contraintes qui rendent le déploiement d'exosquelette difficile. Ainsi, la modélisation musculo-squelettique est envisagée comme un outil pour la conception et l'évaluation afin d'optimiser et de quantifier les bénéfices biomécaniques pour les futurs utilisateurs.Dans cette thèse, on se propose de relever deux défis génériques et spécifiques liés à la modélisation musculo-squelettique. Le premier défi se propose d'identifier des gammes de modèles représentatives de la population et de définir des lois de régression morphologiques génériques pour le soldat. Le deuxième défi consiste à mettre en place des méthodes de personnalisation géométrique et musculaire des modèles musculo-squelettiques. Ces méthodes sont essentielles pour effectuer des simulations musculo-squelettiques cohérentes et pour permettre la conception et l'évaluation des exosquelettes.

At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; A fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre,de stabilité, de travail, et a la volonté de tout mettre en oeuvre afin de les faire respecter. Le crime est le terrain privilégié pour refléter ...

At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; A fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre,de stabilité, de travail, et a la volonté de tout mettre en oeuvre afin de les faire respecter. Le crime est le terrain privilégié pour refléter ...

At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; A fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre,de stabilité, de travail, et a la volonté de tout mettre en oeuvre afin de les faire respecter. Le crime est le terrain privilégié pour refléter ...

National audience ; At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; Dans cette fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre, de stabilité, de travail et a la volonté de tout mettre en œuvre afin de les faire respecter. Siècle de la misère ...

National audience ; At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; Dans cette fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre, de stabilité, de travail et a la volonté de tout mettre en œuvre afin de les faire respecter. Siècle de la misère ...

National audience ; At the end of the nineteenth century in France, industrial growth and urbanisation radically changed the way of life and destabilised an important part of the population. The new Third Republic advocated values of order, stability and labour and was willing to do everything possible to have them respected. This was the age of the workers' poverty and of important commotions, of passion and profusion of ideas during which violence was considered as negative. Crime reflected the fears of a society on the move and the man of that time wanted to control everything. Criminal anthropometry appeared in such a context. This method was invented by a man called Alphonse Bertillon. This was a new weapon for a policy of repression as well as a revolutionary technique because it put identification and identity at the centre of government's policies and it introduced a spirit and principles that still exist today. For the first time this method enabled the scientific identification of offenders and the sanction of recidivists. The introduction of an elaborate and efficient criminal record was made possible by the drawing up of a strict description of defendants accompanied by a rational technique of classification. Such elements constituted the keystone of the anthropometric system. The evolution of this method, its implementation, its results and consequences will show us how it was a practice enabling first to maintain order and repression and then to introduce a republican technique (and policy) of government based on identity. This method emerged in the criminal context which was facing the fight against the crime and the increasing recidivism. ; Dans cette fin du XIXème siècle français, la croissance industrielle et l'urbanisation ont bouleversé les modes d'existence, déstabilisant une frange importante de la population. Au pouvoir, la jeune Troisième République prône des valeurs d'ordre, de stabilité, de travail et a la volonté de tout mettre en œuvre afin de les faire respecter. Siècle de la misère ...

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, ...

The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the "école lyonnaise". Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the "primitive" whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the "Belle Epoque". Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the "Universel". Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the "biopolitical" stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct. ; On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d'un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l'anthropologie criminelle et d'une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d' « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l'école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d'hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l'Empire et des débuts de l'aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l'étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu'il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d'âme. L'analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l'altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l'image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L'anthropologie et l'anthropométrie se mettent au service d'une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l'inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d'essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l'exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l'Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d'œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C'est l'avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l'Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d'un homme et de son temps par l'inventaire de ses aversions, qu'on a voulu reconstituer.