Suchergebnisse

Antibiotic resistance in the environment: expert perspectives -- Antibiotic resistant bacteria in wildlife -- Genomic surveillance for One Health antimicrobial resistance: understanding human, animal, and environmental reservoirs and transmission -- Antibiotic resistance in pharmaceutical industry effluents and effluent-impacted environments -- Antibiotic resistance in municipal wastewater: A special focus on hospital effluents -- Control strategies to combat dissemination of antibiotic resistance in urban water systems -- Antibiotic resistance, sanitation and public health -- Antibiotic resistance and sanitation in India: current situation and future perspectives -- Mitigating antimicrobial resistance risks when using reclaimed municipal wastewater for agriculture -- Antibiotic resistance in soil -- Religious Mass Gathering (Hajj) and Antimicrobial Resistance: From Challenges to Opportunities -- Human movement and transmission of anti-microbial resistant bacteria.

Bacteria have an enormous genetic plasticity and adaptive potential that enables them toinhabit almost every ecological niche on this planet and respond to drastic environmental changes. While this bacterial diversity and flexibility is highly fascinating and provides us with immense resources, it can also put human health at risk, e.g. when pathogenic bacteria adapt to antibiotics and become resistant. As antibiotic resistant bacteria increase human morbidity and mortality it is crucial to take action. The antibiotic resistance crisis is addressed on multiple levels including governmental and non-governmental programs, education, public health campaigns as well as academic and industrial research in epidemiology, medicine, pharmacology,biology and chemistry. The work conductedin this thesis contributes to the antibiotic resistance research by providing novel tools to studyde novo antibiotic resistance evolution in a more systematic and high-throughput fashion. Moreover, these tools were utilized to characterize the genetic trajectories of de novo antibiotic resistance evolution,predominantly in the model organism Escherichiacoli. Genetic constrains were identified, like negative epistatic interactions between different resistance modes or collateral sensitivity, and subsequently exploited by creating a framework to rationally design drug combinations inorder to limit de novo resistance evolution. Finally, limitations in efficiency and geneticresponses to novel CRISPR-based antimicrobials were studied and based on the findings factors crucial to optimize killing efficiency were identified. In short, this thesis contributes to our understanding of antibiotic resistance evolution, providing suggestions for novel and improved treatment options that likely contribute to limiting resistance evolution and treatment of resistant bacteria

Beatriz Espinosa Franco1, Marina Altagracia Martínez2, Martha A Sánchez Rodríguez1, Albert I Wertheimer31Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza (UNAM), Mexico; 2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico; 3Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USABackground: The use of antibiotic drugs triggers a complex interaction involving many biological, sociological, and psychological determinants. Resistance to antibiotics is a serious worldwide problem which is increasing and has implications for morbidity, mortality, and health care both in hospitals and in the community.Objectives: To analyze current research on the determinants of antibiotic resistance and comprehensively review the main factors in the process of resistance in order to aid our understanding and assessment of this problem.Methods: We conducted a MedLine search using the key words "determinants", "antibiotic", and "antibiotic resistance" to identify publications between 1995 and 2007 on the determinants of antibiotic resistance. Publications that did not address the determinants of antibiotic resistance were excluded.Results: The process and determinants of antibiotic resistance are described, beginning with the development of antibiotics, resistance and the mechanisms of resistance, sociocultural determinants of resistance, the consequences of antibiotic resistance, and alternative measures proposed to combat antibiotic resistance.Conclusions: Analysis of the published literature identified the main determinants of antibiotic resistance as irrational use of antibiotics in humans and animal species, insufficient patient education when antibiotics are prescribed, lack of guidelines for treatment and control of infections, lack of scientific information for physicians on the rational use of antibiotics, and lack of official government policy on the rational use of antibiotics in public and private hospitals.Keywords: antibiotic drug resistance, determinants, social-biological

Beginning in the 1940s, mass production of antibiotics involved the industrial-scale growth of microorganisms to harvest their metabolic products. Unfortunately, the use of antibiotics selects for resistance at answering scale. The turn to the study of antibiotic resistance in microbiology and medicine is examined, focusing on the realization that individual therapies targeted at single pathogens in individual bodies are environmental events affecting bacterial evolution far beyond bodies. In turning to biological manifestations of antibiotic use, sciences fathom material outcomes of their own previous concepts. Archival work with stored soil and clinical samples produces a record described here as 'the biology of history': the physical registration of human history in bacterial life. This account thus foregrounds the importance of understanding both the materiality of history and the historicity of matter in theories and concepts of life today.

Work in our laboratory is supported by grants BIO2008-00090 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and KBBE-227258 (BIOHYPO), HEALTH-F3-2011-282004 (EVOTAR), and HEALTH-F3-2010-241476 (PAR) from European Union. ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

AbstractMany common bacterial pathogens have become increasingly resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. The evidence suggests that the essential cause of the problem is the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics, a practice that encourages the proliferation of resistant mutant strains of bacteria while suppressing the susceptible strains. However, it is not clear to what extent antibiotic use must be reduced to avoid or reverse an epidemic of antibiotic resistance, and how early the interventions must be made to be effective. To investigate these questions, we have developed a small system dynamics model that portrays changes over a period of years to three subsets of a bacterial population— antibiotic‐susceptible, intermediately resistant, and highly resistant. The details and continuing refinement of this model are based on a case study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. The paper presents the model's structure and behavior and identifies open questions for future work. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A number of resistant bacterial pathogens have become the focus of recent concern in human medicine. Studies and facts on use of antibiotics in animals suggest that animal sources contribute little to the problem. The current pursuit of zero risk by banning some antibiotics in Europe is not a sensible precaution but rather an abdication of responsibility based on science. ; Includes bibliographical references

Zulqarnain Baloch,1,* Bilal Aslam,2,* Saima Muzammil,2 Mohsin Khurshid,3 Muhammad Hidayat Rasool,2 Ke Ma4 1College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; 2Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Antibiotic therapy has a dual impact: wanted, in which it immediately inhibits the growth of bacteria and the unwanted, which is responsible for the evolution of antibiotic resistance. The dissociation of therapeutic effectiveness from the possible risk of the antibiotic resistance may be attained by taking the advantage of specific relations between these drugs, and the methods in which mutations associated with resistance against a specific antibiotic may modify these relations or it may increase the sensitivity of the bacterium to the other antibiotics. Although the practical implementation of this notion needs considerable advancement and confirmation that depends upon the improvements in the field of genomics and diagnostics, these interventions propose new paradigms, which may confine or inverse the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, inversion, mutations, bacteria, evolution

The fight against antibiotic resistance must be strengthened. We propose actions that U.S. government agencies and private sector entities can take to build a more comprehensive effort. These actions can increase the viability of investing in new antibiotics, ensure the quality and stewardship of all antibiotics, and make responses to emerging resistance more informed. Success requires the thoughtful exercise of federal authority and a firm commitment to share data and reward developers for the value generated with new, life-saving antibiotics.

AbstractThis paper connects ideas from recent literature on the economics of intellectual property (IP) to address the question: Did the strengthening and broadening of IP rights from important patent policy changes in the US promote greater innovation? The analysis rests on the theory of cumulative innovation, which shows that if IP rights on a pioneer invention extend to follow‐on research and impediments to contracting exist, then strengthening patents can actually reduce overall innovation. Recent empirical studies are consistent with the theory: patents can significantly deter follow‐on research in "complex" technology areas where contracting is difficult (computers, electronics, telecommunications) but not in drugs, chemicals and human genes. I outline remedies from court decisions and antitrust policy for addressing inefficiencies from patent trolling, patent thickets and the anti‐commons of fragmented ownership. I then apply the analysis to the antibiotics market, drawing on recent research, to examine how patent and competition policies can be used to improve incentives for drug development in the battle against antibiotic resistance. The literature provides persuasive evidence that the policy changes overreached in broadening and strengthening IP rights and reveals important patent reforms for improving the effectiveness of patent systems in the US and Canada.