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6 p.-1 tab. ; [EN]Introduction: Antibiotic resistance and the emergence of resistant bacteria have been cataloged as a global public health threat by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union. The article that is presented shows a study on the informative coverage in digital media of this matter. Objective: To analyze the coverage presence of antibiotic resistance in digital media. ; Methods: This descriptive study quantifies the number of news appearing in four media, El País, El Mundo, ABC and 20 minutes before and after the approval in 2014 of the National Antibiotic Resistance Plan. ; Results: The results showed an unequal treatment according to the number of informative pieces in the four digital newspapers but on the rise since the approval of the plan. ; Conclusions: The informative treatment of antibiotic resistance according to the number of quantified news is increasing every year although unevenly in each medium. ; [ES]Introducción: La resistencia a los antibióticos (AMR, por sus siglas en inglés, Antimicrobial resistance) y la aparición de bacterias resistentes han sido catalogadas como una amenaza de salud pública mundial, tanto por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como por la Unión Europea. El artículo que se presenta muestra un estudio sobre la cobertura informativa en medios digitales de dicho asunto. ; Objetivo: Analizar la cobertura de la presencia de la resistencia a antibióticos en medios digitales. ; Metodología: Mediante un estudio descriptivo se cuantificó el número de noticias aparecidas en cuatro medios: El País, El Mundo, ABC y 20 minutos, antes y después de la aprobación del Plan Nacional de Resistencia a Antibióticos en el año 2014. ; Resultados: Los resultados demostraron un tratamiento desigual según el número de piezas informativas en los cuatro diarios digitales pero en ascenso desde la aprobación de dicho plan. ; Conclusiones: El tratamiento informativo de la resistencia a antibióticos, según el número de noticias cuantificadas, se va incrementando cada año de forma desigual en cada medio. ; Peer reviewed

BACKGROUND: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC), plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing E coli (pAmpC-EC), and other bacteria are resistant to important β-lactam antibiotics. ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC are increasingly reported in animals, food, the environment, and community-acquired and health-care-associated human infections. These infections are usually preceded by asymptomatic carriage, for which attributions to animal, food, environmental, and human sources remain unquantified. METHODS: In this population-based modelling study, we collected ESBL and pAmpC gene data on the Netherlands population for 2005-17 from published datasets of gene occurrences in E coli isolates from different sources, and from partners of the ESBL Attribution Consortium and the Dutch National Antimicrobial Surveillance System. Using these data, we applied an established source attribution model based on ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC prevalence and gene data for humans, including high-risk populations (ie, returning travellers, clinical patients, farmers), farm and companion animals, food, surface freshwater, and wild birds, and human exposure data, to quantify the overall and gene-specific attributable sources of community-acquired ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC intestinal carriage. We also used a simple transmission model to determine the basic reproduction number (R0) in the open community. FINDINGS: We identified 1220 occurrences of ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC genes in humans, of which 478 were in clinical patients, 454 were from asymptomatic carriers in the open community, 103 were in poultry and pig farmers, and 185 were in people who had travelled out of the region. We also identified 6275 occurrences in non-human sources, including 479 in companion animals, 4026 in farm animals, 66 in wild birds, 1430 from food products, and 274 from surface freshwater. Most community-acquired ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC carriage was attributed to human-to-human transmission within or between households in the open community (60·1%, 95% credible interval 40·0-73·5), and to secondary transmission from high-risk groups (6·9%, 4·1-9·2). Food accounted for 18·9% (7·0-38·3) of carriage, companion animals for 7·9% (1·4-19·9), farm animals (non-occupational contact) for 3·6% (0·6-9·9), and swimming in freshwater and wild birds (ie, environmental contact) for 2·6% (0·2-8·7). We derived an R0 of 0·63 (95% CI 0·42-0·77) for intracommunity transmission. INTERPRETATION: Although humans are the main source of community-acquired ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC carriage, the attributable non-human sources underpin the need for longitudinal studies and continuous monitoring, because intracommunity ESBL-EC and pAmpC-EC spread alone is unlikely to be self-maintaining without transmission to and from non-human sources. FUNDING: 1Health4Food, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the EU's Horizon-2020 through One-Health European Joint Programme.

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions globally, prompting the World Health Organization to advise nations to take up antibiotic awareness campaigns. Several campaigns have been taken up worldwide, mostly by governments. The government of India asked manufacturers to append a &lsquo ; redline&rsquo ; to packages of antibiotics as identification marks and conducted a campaign to inform the general public about it and appropriate antibiotic use. We investigated whether an antibiotic resistance awareness campaign could be organized voluntarily in India and determined the characteristics of the voluntarily organized campaign by administering a questionnaire to the coordinators, who participated in organizing the voluntary campaign India. The campaign characteristics were: multiple electro&ndash ; physical pedagogical and participatory techniques were used, 49 physical events were organized in various parts of India that included lectures, posters, booklet/pamphlet distribution, audio and video messages, competitions, and mass contact rallies along with broadcast of messages in 11 local languages using community radio stations (CRS) spread all over India. The median values for campaign events were: expenditure&mdash ; 3000 Indian Rupees/day (US$~47), time for planning&mdash ; 1 day, program spread&mdash ; 4 days, program time&mdash ; 4 h, direct and indirect reach of the message&mdash ; respectively 250 and 500 persons/event. A 2 min play entitled &lsquo ; Take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor&rsquo ; was broadcast 10 times/day for 5 days on CRS with listener reach of ~5 million persons. More than 85%ofcoordinators thought that the campaign created adequate awareness about appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. The voluntary campaign has implications for resource limited settings/low and middle income countries.