La tesi integra, in una singolo quadro concettuale, i metodi di analisi multicriteri spaziale su GIS con tecniche di crowdsourcing di tipo 2.0, al fine di esplorare nuove forme di partecipazione popolare alle decisioni politiche. Il modello rappresenta un sistema di supporto alle decisioni politiche (DSS) volto ad integrare, in modo appropriato, i punti di vista dei cittadini a livello individuale e nelle loro forme di aggregazione associativa. Lo schema concettuale è applicato al confronto tra il tracciato previsto dalla cd. Variante di raccordo Nord-Est di Pisa del 2011 e il tracciato previsto dal vigente Piano Generale del Traffico Urbano di Pisa del 2002, alla luce dei criteri paesaggio, accessibilità e sostenibilità. Il valore aggiunto della ricerca è dato dall'integrazione dell'analisi multicriteri spaziale su GIS con le tecniche di crowdsourcing per la determinazione dei pesi e la raccolta delle informazioni. The thesis integrates, in a single framework, a GIS based methodology for spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and crowdsourcing tools, based on the web 2.0, in a view to explore new forms of public participation in political decision-making. The model represents a decision support system (DSS), based on the opinions of individual citizens and associations. The conceptual framework is applied to the comparison between the Variant to the North-East ring road of Pisa, and the path traced by the current PGTU of Pisa, according to landscape, accessibility and sustainability criteria. The added value of the research is represented by the integration of spatial MCDA and crowdsourcing techniques for the determination of weights and for the collection of information.
La finalità del presente lavoro consiste nell'esaminare la progressiva trasformazione del ruolo della donna nel periodo dei movimenti indipendentistici in Italia e in Grecia. Fu nei Salotti culturali, dapprima luoghi di incontro a carattere letterario e successivamente focolai di diffusione delle idee patriottiche, che la figura femminile inizia ad assumere un suo rilievo umano, culturale e sociale. Tra queste donne, emerge la grande personalità di Angelica Palli Bartolommei. Con un'analisi del trattato, Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese, si vuole far luce sul pensiero dell'autrice in merito alla condizione della donna e alla necessità di istruzione e di una sua maggiore autonomia. Si passa successivamente allo studio dei personaggi femminili dell'opera in prosa, Racconti, in cui si distinguono diverse tipologie di donne: amorevoli, dolci, conservatrici, sottomesse, rivoluzionarie e anche vendicative. Ognuna di loro altro non è che l'espressione delle disparate e spesso contrastanti esigenze dell'animo femminile dell'epoca. Si tratta in ogni caso di temperamenti forti, come d'altronde lo era la stessa scrittrice. L'ultima parte è dedicata all'influenza della Palli sulla figura più emblematica della "rivoluzione" femminile in Grecia: Kalliroi Parren. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la transformación gradual del papel de las mujeres en el ámbito de los movimientos de independencia en Italia y Grecia. Fue en los salones culturales, inicialmente lugares de encuentros literarios y, posteriormente, de difusión de ideas patrióticas, donde la figura femenina comienza a adquirir un gran relieve humano, cultural y social. Entre estas mujeres emerge la gran personalidad de Angelica Palli Bartolommei. A través de su obra Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese, se arroja luz a los pensamientos de la autora sobre la situación de la mujer y su necesidad de educarse y emanciparse. Se pasa a continuación a un cuidadoso análisis de los personajes femeninos de su Racconti en los cuales se hallan diferentes tipos de mujeres: la amorosa, la dulce, la conservadora, la obediente, la revolucionaria e incluso la vengativa. Cada uno de estos tipos no es nada más que la expresión de las dispares y a menudo contradictorias necesidades de la mujer de la época. Son, en todo caso, temperamentos muy fuertes, como el que caracterizaba a la propia escritora. La última parte está dedicada a la influencia de Palli sobre la figura más emblemática de la "revolución" femenina en Grecia, esto es, Kalliroi Parren. ; The present work is meant to analyze the slow but progressive transformation of the role of the female figure within the historical context of the movements for independency in Italy and Greece. It was especially in the cultural Salons - inexhaustible source of new literary and political ideas - that the learned women of that time began to show their commitment to human, intellectual and public issues. In particular, the focus goes on the original personality of Angelica Palli Bartolommei, an Italian writer of Greek origin. Through her essay, Discorsi di una donna alle giovini maritate del suo paese (Speeches of a woman to the 3 young married girls of her country), the light is shed on the author's views about women and their necessity of an adequate education in order to achieve a real autonomy. Furthermore the analysis concentrates on the characters of a second work by Palli, Racconti (Short stories), where different types of women arise: loving, sweet, conservative, obedient, revolutionary as well as vindictive. Each of them is the expression of the different and very often conflicting needs of the female of that historical age. In any case, they all reveal a strong temperament as Palli herself had. The last part of the article focuses the attention on the influence that Palli had on the most emblematic figure of women "revolution" in Greece: Kalliroi Parren.
World climate change and global warming increase are two urgent and strategic issues that national and international governments have to face, and different scenarios aimed to estimate the world energy demand were realized by several research centers: each scenario distinguishes itself by energy policies over the years, and the desirable one requires many efforts to keep the temperature increase below 2°C above pre-industrial level. These efforts imply challenging targets on both primary and final energy employment, and this thesis is focused on two of them: improvement of renewable energy exploitation and reduction of final energy consumption, and energy conversion systems able to efficiently achieve these targets are cogenerated distributed plants, in particular the small scale. Nevertheless, in order to achieve significant primary energy saving, combined heat and power plants need to be designed with a substantial thermal power exploitation, as well as the design need reliable and congruent system models to evaluate the plant performances. The methodology carried out in this doctorate course was focused on the analysis of these topics and it was made by two main elements, an energy conversion system model, which describes the peculiar studied case, and a multi-variable multi-objective optimization algorithm, which depends on the specific application. In particular, two different applications of the methodology were realized, one aimed at designing the more efficient energy interaction between energy system and user and one aimed at validate thermodynamic models and experimental data congruence; the first application concerned combined heat and power plants based on internal combustion engine and gas turbine, while the second application was performed on micro gas turbines and pyro-gasification biomass plant. The methodology showed to be a potentially powerful tool about conversion energy systems analysis, due to the relevant primary energy saving related to designed cogenerated power plant and to the analysis of reliability performed on mathematical models of energy conversion systems.
The aim of this work is to analyse the most relevant issues related to the topic of the automation of administrative decisions. This phenomenon is, indeed, the result of the process of technological development that has recently begun to affect the traditional way of understanding the organization and the action of the public authorities. In particular, thanks to the spread of increasingly sophisticated computer systems, nowadays public administrations have the opportunity to adopt administrative acts using appropriate algorithms. In fact, although heterogeneous in structure and functions, these tools allow public action to achieve levels of efficiency and speed difficult to achieve through the ordinary conduct of administrative procedures. In the awareness of the significant benefits of this technological change, it is necessary to verify whether and how the use of computer programs by public entities can be considered compatible with the traditional procedural guarantees of administrative law. With the intent to answer this question, this study aims to analyse the phenomenon of automation of decision-making process into four main parts. The first part is dedicated to define the historical and legal framework of the process of digitalization of the public sector. Specifically, after having pointed out the most significant legislative measures adopted in this field in recent years, the work analyzes the main issues related to the implementation of the e-Government model within our legal system. In the light of brief terminological clarifications, the theme of automation is introduced and some interesting cases in which computer systems were used within the public procedures are examined. The second part of the analysis focuses on the issue of the admissibility and of the field of application of algorithmic decisions. Indeed, this topic has already been at the heart of the reflections of the most ancient doctrine, which stated that automation process was allowed only if the exercised administrative power can be considered constrained. However, this approach was overtaken by the more recent literature, which highlighted the opportunity of extending, despite some limitations, the use of automated systems where the public power is discretionary in nature. These are interpretative guidelines which seem to have also influenced the judgements of the administrative jurisprudence, which over time showed a more open attitude towards the use of algorithms in administrative procedures. The third part of the work focuses on the possibility of reconciling the main procedural guarantees provided by the Italian law on administrative procedure with the structural and functional peculiarities that characterize the phenomenon of automation. This analysis is carried out, in particular, by examining whether and in what terms the use of algorithms can be considered compatible with three fundamental principles related to the action of the public authorities: the principle of transparency of administrative decisions; the principle of motivation of administrative acts; the principle of private participation within administrative proceedings. Each topic is analyzed by examining both the evolution of the doctrinal debate and the interpretative solutions proposed in the case law, where for the first time the legal conditions that must guide any attempt to adopt administrative acts using computer software were defined. Finally, the last part of the study deals with the role and the responsibility of the public administrations in the automated decision-making process. Within this session, in particular, it is analyzed how the most relevant doctrinal and jurisprudential positions managed to state the direct accountability of public bodies for the effects deriving from the adoption of automated administrative acts. In the light of the framework carried out, some final considerations are formulated regarding the current needs to regulate the phenomenon within the public sector.
Environmental quality is fundamental for the well being of human life. Environmental risk assessment and analysis have a crucial role for guaranteeing the safety of the population, especially in intensive urbanized and industrialized areas, such as the Campania region (Italy). In Italy, after the Legislative Decree 152/2006, the environmental risk assessment has become mandatory for contaminated lands such as brownfields and dismantled industrial activities. Despite the importance and fragility of the soil, it is rarely taken into account as a resource to be preserved. Moreover, due to the heterogeneity of many variables involved in the process, the environmental and human health risk assessments are used at the scale of a site, while the regional evaluation is very difficult, and keeps the administration sceptical in taking it into account for land planning and decision-making processes. During the last years, some international methodologies for ecological and human health risk assessment have been developed by national environmental agencies in many industrialized countries. An idea recently took place regarding the protection of soils: the monitoring of soil should be limited only to risk areas, as opposed to monitoring systems covering the entire territory. Focusing monitoring in selected areas would help to define priorities, increase efficiency of monitoring activities and reduce the monitoring costs. This is the reason why many methodologies for preliminary and simplified risk assessment of (potentially) contaminated sites, for the prioritization and planning of soil remediation and protection programmes, were developed. The only lack that these methodologies have is the absence of the spatial analysis. The aim of this research was to implement the human health risk assessment. For the purposes of the study we used 3535 topsoil samples, collected across the whole regional territory. The concentrations of 53 elements have been determined at Bureau Veritas Analytical Lab. Ltd (Vancouver, Canada), by means of an Aqua Regia extraction followed by a combination of ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods. After the statistical and cartographic elaboration of these regional dataset, we integrated one of the model of relative risk assessment for single contaminated sites with spatial analysis procedures. In order to support the spatial assessment of contaminated sites at the regional scale, the most suitable tool is the Geographic Information System (GIS). A new approach was applied, in order to assess/rank environmental risk by using geospatial analysis in a GIS platform to adapt a European-wide accepted methodology for the preliminary assessment of human health risks at single contaminated sites to a regional scale. The developed regional risk assessment methodology can be used by the regional administrations to select at regional level the "problem or priority areas". The identification of the problem areas is necessary for developing an efficient monitoring system and to produce a ranking of the risky areas to be used as a reference in determining the development of intervention plans, for better addressing the resources dedicated to the environmental remediation of widely contaminated regions. The methodology chosen as a reference for the risk assessment procedures is the PRA.MS (Preliminary risk assessment model for the identification of problem areas for soil contamination in Europe, 2005). Following the PRA.MS guidelines, a conceptual model for the human health risk assessment for the Campania region has been based on four different exposure routes: 1) dispersion of contaminants in groundwater, 2) dispersion in surface water, 3) dispersion in air, 4) direct contact with the contaminated media (soils). The source, the pathway and the receptor for each of the exposure route are scored on the base of a quantitative or qualitative analysis of some featuring characteristics (parameters). A total of 14 representative parameters were chosen, basing on the available regional data for Campania. Starting from these parameters values, the information is aggregated to higher levels in several steps, adopting a mixed additive and multiplicative algorithm, up to the overall risk score. The final risk map is classified according four classes of risk. This map was useful to identify the problem areas, characterized by a higher risk, where more detailed analysis had to be carried out. The identified area was located in a wide territory in the center of Campania region, between Avellino and Salerno municipalities, an high populated zone, where intensive agricultural and industrial activities are well developed. A high density survey has been carried out in this priority area; the concentrations of 53 elements have been measured on 102 new topsoil samples, followed by statistic and cartographic elaboration of the 15 potentially toxic elements (Sb, As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) for which the Italian legislation (D.Lgs. 152/06) established the trigger and action limits, by defining the contamination threshold values (CSC) for the amount of metals in topsoils or waters. The new methodology of GIS-based human health risk assessment has been again applied, in order to select sites of particular significance in terms of danger for the resident population. Some small areas characterized by high risk have been identified. New in situ measurements and classic follow up risk assessment should be here carried out to confirm if remediation actions are needed to guaranteeing the safety of the population. Other works has been contemporaneously elaborated during the PhD. Six months have been spent at the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), where a work on a humus samples dataset have been carried out, under the supervision of Dr. Timo Tarvainen. Moreover a new Geochemical Atlas will be completed based on inorganic elements and organic compounds concentrations in marine sediments samples, collected in the Gulfs of Naples and Salerno.
The attitude of individuals towards saving, the motivations which lead people to save or not to save, the government-mandated pension and retirement policies have changed dramatically during the past decades. The purpose of this work is to give an in-depth look at these important policy issues and changes happened in four chapters. Chapter one provides some definitions of the main economic variables both at the micro and macro levels and a closer look at the current data on savings and on the complex range of public, private and voluntary retirement plans which are now playing a greater role in pension-provision in many OECD countries. Chapter two is devoted to the most significant theories about the origin and the effects of pension systems, in particular, the "Intertemporal choice model" by Irving Fisher, "The life cycle model" by Franco Modigliani and the "Permanent Income Theory" by Milton Friedman. Chapter three presents a consistent framework which describes the social security systems across OECD countries: replacement rates, financial schemes (Pay-As-You-Go and Fully Funded), contribution systems (defined contribution and defined benefit), the calculation of pension benefits, the effects of the social security system on individual decisions and the problems related to the transition from a Pay-As-You-Go to a Fully Funded program. Finally, chapter four attempts to develop a model whose purpose is to find the optimal mix between the Pay-As-You-Go and Fully Funded programs, and in the last section it also provides some numerical estimates related to the model. A description of the Italian pension system and the most significative steps of the long series of reforms that have affected the social security system in Italy in the last two decades are provided for in Appendix A.
The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.
The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas. ; The methodological target of this paper consists in setting up a supporting tool for the public decision-maker in individuating the areas for parking within urban territory. The construction of this tool is guided by criteria referring more to urban and regional planning choices than to transport ones and concerning mostly the integration among environmental safeguard, activities distribution and need for mobility. As matter of fact, the methodological route tends to join the morphologicalsettlement and environmental characteristics of the site with the demand for parking, which depends on the activities settled in the urban ambit of reference, considering them as keyelements in building compatible choices of city transformation either in the phase of localization, distribution and sizing of interventions or in the following phase of planning the building typology of parking equipments. This paper shares the position expressed in the report on sustainable European Cities, destined to the local authorities of any city in the states of the European Union, which belongs to those documents targeted to affect the development and implementation of innovating policies and actions for promoting a more sustainable urban Europe. Therefore, the paper is divided into three parts. The first part defines the algorithm showing the iter through which it is possible to define feasible and compatible solutions for envisaging localization, distribution and typology of the areas and spaces to be realized. The second part, through the real implementation in a particular case, the city of Naples, deals with the definition of further criteria that are time by time implemented according to the urban context of reference. The tird part deals with the application to Naples and individuates a specific typology of parking areas, as implementation of the worked out algorythm and of the abovesaid criteria. The central part of the paper deals, then, with defining a route through which, among the possible transformations, the feasible alternatives are univocally individuated according to the environmental, historical and geo-morphological compatibilities and on the base of the expressed demand. All the building process is targeted, from its beginning, to reach desired and chosen aims with the awareness, confirmed by the previous analysis phase, that there are limits, bonds and conditions circumscribing the field of physical transformation planning - concerning the parking realization in this case - within well defined boundaries. Although this paper shares the choice of mobility policies targeted to stop and discourage the vehicles transit in the city downtown and against the realization of parking in those areas, nevertheless the suggested algorithm leads to realize exclusively areas for residential parking in historical central areas.
The article analyzes the Italian experience about the TAP gas pipeline, in the framework of Odum's theory of the "tyranny of small decisions" and the climate challenges, inaugurated by the Paris Agreement of 2015. The actions of the Italian Government narrate a national "strategy", which does not fully correspond to the European objectives of legitimizing energy decisions, based on deliberative democracy, and with the new climatic constraints to be achieved. On the contrary, the State has bound itself to TAP with a Treaty, explicitly inspired by the logic of the "capture" of the regulation. This situation has fueled social conflict in opposition to the project. ; L'articolo analizza l'esperienza italiana in merito al gasdotto TAP, nel quadro della teoria di Odum della "tirannia delle piccole decisioni" e rispetto alle sfide sul clima, inaugurate dall'Accordo di Parigi del 2015. I provvedimenti del governo italiano narrano di una "strategia" nazionale, che non trova piena corrispondenza con gli obiettivi europei di legittimazione delle decisioni energetiche, fondati sulla democrazia deliberativa, e con i nuovi vincoli climatici da realizzare. Al contrario, lo Stato si è vincolato a TAP con un Trattato, esplicitamente ispirato alla logica della "cattura" del regolatore. Questa situazione ha alimentato la conflittualità sociale nei confronti del progetto.
In the last decades a growing awareness emerged of the relevance of corruption as an hidden factor which may negatively affect political and economic decision-making processes. In spite of a lively scientific debate there is no general consensus on a commonly accepted definition of what corruption is. The A. distinguishes three main paradigms, focusing on different (though not irreconcilable) variables. The first is the economic paradigm, which usually takes the principal-agent model of corruption as its founding pillar. In this paradigm corruption is considered the outcome of rational individual choices, and its spread within a certain organization is influenced by the factors defining the structure of expected costs and rewards. A second approach – the cultural paradigm – looks at the differences in cultural traditions, social norms and interiorized values which shape individuals' moral preferences and consideration of his social and institutional role. These are a leading forces that can push a corrupt public or private agent (not) to violate legal norms. A third neo-institutional approach considers also mechanisms which allow the internal regulation of social interactions within corrupt networks, and their effects on individuals' beliefs and preferences. Though the corrupt agreements cannot be enforced with legal sanctions, several informal, non-written rules, contractual provisos and conventions may regulate the corrupt exchange between agent and corruptor. The A. underlines that corruption is the outcome of a multitude of individual and collective choices which change public opinion towards corruption and its diffusion throughout the state, markets and civil society. There is no univocal recipe to deal with anti-bribery measures, since corruption is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Reforms aimed at dismantling systemic corruption have to be finely tuned against its hidden governance structures, i.e. its internal regulation of exchanges and relationships. Otherwise, a vicious circle may emerge: the more an anti-corruption policy is needed, because corruption is systemic and enforced by effective third-parties, the less probable its formulation and implementation. Only when official rules are complemented by coherent informal institutions, bottom-up initiatives, they tend to produce the expected outcomes and make anticorruption regulation more effective.
China has the largest construction volume in the world with about 2 billion square meters of new buildings completed annually. Currently about 80% of these are categorized as high-energy buildings and more than 90% of new buildings are considered high life-cycle energy buildings. The speed of construction in China is amazing and it's stimulated even further by the fast rates of urbanization. In order to decrease energy consumption of buildings, there is a need for strong political will and implementation of strict building regulations. China is geographically a vast country and it's impossible to design a single building code for the whole country. Energy consumption per building in China is 2-3 times higher than that of the developed countries with similar climatic conditions, and buildings are less comfortable as a result of poor thermal performance and too little insulation in most of China's buildings. Although the Chinese government has issued many standards and codes in order to improve energy efficiency of buildings, little effect has appeared and less than 6% of newly constructed buildings comply with these standards. China is a large country with a complex climate that in the national standard (GB50176-93) it's divided into five climate zones. Because of the "Qin-Huai line", for severe cold and cold zones, they have central heating system while 14 provinces and nearly half of the population of China is living in the hot summer and cold winter zones (HSCW) where they don't have central heating system. This is the first reason why in these zones heat pump systems play a very important role in heating buildings. Air source heat pump (ASHP) as an optional product has already been widely applied in families and companies. This project reports a novel application of an air source heat pump system for cooling, heating and domestic hot water production in Shanghai for a typical apartment. In winter, the system was aim to solve the central heating problem. The system was combined with a Low-H_2O heat exchanger to decrease the supply water temperature in order to save energy. The heating return water temperature was set at 30 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C for heating in winter which is lower than the conventional air source heat pump system. This system composed by the ASHP and the STDFCU has been tested, from December to February, in an apartment, aiming to the energy saving and the user's comfort. We found, for each experiment, the values of heating capacity and energy consumption and we can say that the heat pump's power is always sufficient to heat the apartment except with the temperature at 40 °C and the internal temperature at 22°C. Moreover, the internal conditions are always good for the users with an internal temperature between 19 and 21 °C. The use of computer software can be useful to simulate the model and to compare results with the experimental's data. That's why we created a model of the whole system and simulated it on EnergyPlus, an energy analysis and thermal load simulation program. Starting with a simplified model, finally we simulated the apartment finding heating capacity of the same order of magnitude that in the experiments.
FREEWAT is an HORIZON 2020 project financed by the EU Commission under the call WATER INNOVATION: BOOSTING ITS VALUE FOR EUROPE. FREEWAT main result is an open source and public domain GIS-integrated modeling environment for the simulation of groundwater quantity and quality, with an integrated water management and planning module. FREEWAT aims at promoting water resource management by simplifying the application of the Water Framework Directive and other EU water-related Directives. To this scope, the FREEWAT platform results from the integration in the QGIS Desktop of spatially distributed and physically-based codes (mostly belonging to the USGS MODFLOW family), which allow to get a deep insight in groundwater dynamics, taking into account the space and time variability of stresses which control the hydrological cycle. This is attempted in a unique GIS environment, where large spatial datasets can be managed and visualized. In this paper, a review of the tools/modules integrated in FREEWAT for data pre-processing and model implementation is provided. FREEWAT applicability was demonstrated through running 14 case studies, in the general framework of an innovative participatory approach, which consists in involving technical staff and relevant stakeholders (in primis policy and decision makers) during modeling activities, thus creating a common environment to enhance science and evidence-based decision making in water resource management.
FREEWAT is an HORIZON 2020 project financed by the EU Commission under the call WATER INNOVATION: BOOSTING ITS VALUE FOR EUROPE. FREEWAT main result is an open source and public domain GIS-integrated modeling environment for the simulation of groundwater quantity and quality, with an integrated water management and planning module. FREEWAT aims at promoting water resource management by simplifying the application of the Water Framework Directive and other EU water-related Directives. To this scope, the FREEWAT platform results from the integration in the QGIS Desktop of spatially distributed and physically-based codes (mostly belonging to the USGS MODFLOW family), which allow to get a deep insight in groundwater dynamics, taking into account the space and time variability of stresses which control the hydrological cycle. This is attempted in a unique GIS environment, where large spatial datasets can be managed and visualized. In this paper, a review of the tools/modules integrated in FREEWAT for data pre-processing and model implementation is provided. FREEWAT applicability was demonstrated through running 14 case studies, in the general framework of an innovative participatory approach, which consists in involving technical staff and relevant stakeholders (in primis policy and decision makers) during modeling activities, thus creating a common environment to enhance science and evidence-based decision making in water resource management.
With the proliferation of social media, textual emotion analysis is becoming increasingly important. Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Detection can be useful to track several applications. They can be used, for instance, in Customer Relationship Management to track sentiments towards companies and their services, or in Government Intelligence, to collect people's emotions and points of views about government decisions. It is clear that tracking reputation and opinions without appropriate text mining tools is simple infeasible. Most of these tools are based on sentiment and emotion lexicons, in which lemmas are associated with the sentiment and/or emotions they evoke. However, almost all languages but English lack high-coverage inventories of this sort. This thesis presents several sentiment analysis tasks to illustrate challenges and opportunities in this research area. We review different state-of-the-art methods for sentiment analysis and emotion detection and describe how we modeled a framework to build emotive resources, that can be effectively exploited for text affective computing. One of the main outcome of the work presented in this thesis is ItEM, which is a high-coverage Italian EMotive lexicon created by exploiting distributional methods.It has been built with a three stage process including the collection of a set of highly emotive words, their distributional expansion and the validation of the system. Since corpus-based methods reflect the type of the corpus from which they are build, in order to create a reliable lexicon we collected a new Italian corpus, namely FB-NEWS15. This collection has been created by crawling the Facebook pages of the most important Italian newspapers, which typically include a small number of posts written by the journalists and a very high number of comments inspired by long discussions among readers about such news. Finally, we describe some experiments on the sentiment polarity classification of tweets. We started from a system based on supervised learning that was originally developed for the Evalita 2014 SENTIment POLarity Classification task (Basile et al., 2014) and subsequently explored the possibility to enrich this system by exploiting lexical emotive features derived from social media texts.
Il presente lavoro intende verificare la possibilità di utilizzo del materiale documentale giudiziario costituito da provvedimenti giurisdizionali, al fine di poter rilevare la cultura giuridica, l'ideologia politico-sociale professate dagli appartenenti alla magistratura mediante l'utilizzo della tecnica di rilevazione costituita dalla content analysis. ; This work intends to verify the possibility of using the judicial documentary material consisting of judicial measures, in order to be able to detect the legal culture, the political-social ideology professed by members of judiciary through the use of the detection technique constituted by content analysis.
