The article discusses the theoretical basis of implementation of one of the goals of punishment, namely the prevention of crime. It also examines the philosophical and historical assumptions of the definition of the purpose of punishment, and the effectiveness of the modern penal system and practices of their purpose from the point of view of achieving the goal of crime prevention. The attention is focused on the low efficiency of crime prevention on the part of the convicted person (special prevention) on the basis of the indicator of the level of recurrence of crimes. It is stated that the reason may be the imperfection of sanctions: their non-compliance with the gravity of the committed crime, as well as (quite often) the excessive alternativism of penalties provided for the Commission of a particular crime. The article may be of interest not only to representatives of the science of criminal law, but also to all who are interested in the current political and legal situation in the country.
Since 2005, the government funding of basic and applied research in Russia has been growing at different rates. However, no impressive results have been reached so far in high-tech production. It's share in total export volume hasn't signiicantly grow. The economy of Russia heavily depends on high-tech imports. Decreasing of the state budget in terms of economic instability and low oil prices leads to new risks and the need to ind new ways of R&D expenditures management in order to increase their effectiveness. The aim is to analyze government spending on applied research in the total research spending, in the context of government programs and codes of budget classiication and to make recommendations for improving the quality of state funding applied research. The methodology is based on analysis of budget expenditures in the context of government programs. The study has focus on the dynamics of changes in public spending on applied research in comparison with the dynamics of change in the total expenditure on science. It has revealed the changes in the amounts of applied research funding under government programs in 2014–2015. Expenditures on applied research are presented with a breakdown as per budget classiication codes. The government expenditures on applied research in the context of government programs of industrial production are analyzed. Recommendations are given how to improve the quality of budgetary spending on applied science.
The article considers the prospects for the use of the index ratings in predicting socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, critically analyzes the existing methods of indicative planning and the ways of solving problems facing the practice of regional management tasks.
A solid team of authors of this monograph has made a rather serious attempt to study the basics of applied analysis in the foreign policy of the state, information aspects of their methodological support, modern approaches to the study of international politics, targeted structuring of foreign policy analysis and features of operational and analytical work, the nature, categories and specifics of the leading international think tanks and research institutions, features of system modeling and forecasting of political situations in the world – all this in the compartment has traditionally set the tone in determining and promoting the foreign policy of any nation.
The article outlines the need for the allocation of deaths due to road traffic accidents (RTA) as an independent object of study. Disclosure is necessary to estimate the mortality due to accidents and based global problem under consideration. An assessment of current trends in mortality in Russia because of the accident. Conclusions about the effectiveness of government policy in the field of road safety are formulated. ; В статье охарактеризована необходимость выделение смертности из-за дорожно-транспортных происшествий (ДТП) в качестве самостоятельного объекта исследования. Раскрыта необходимость оценки смертности из-за ДТП и обоснована глобальность рассматриваемой проблемы. Проведена оценка существующих тенденций в смертности населения России из-за ДТП. Сформулированы выводы об эффективности проводимой государственной политики в области безопасности дорожного движения.
This article is devoted to the applied aspects of application of a product placement technology as the advertizing tool on modern Russian television. Relevance of research of the matter is that today the given marketing tool in the Russian Federation isn't adjusted by the advertizing legislation in any way and, respectively, officially isn't considered as advertizing, being thus a demanded way of advance of goods and services. Owing to lack of the legislative regulation product placement technology, the process of its functioning in Russia is opaque to researchers. Process of tracking of the mechanism and details of the using product placement within the Russian TV advertizing market, understanding of system of formation and further distribution of the advertizing budgets which are taken away under this instrument of marketing is extremely complicated. The main stages of integration are considered, interaction mechanisms with customers and supervisory authorities of the power are analyzed. Systematization of the mechanism of the product placement pricing is for the first time given in this article. Besides the detailed analysis of program preferences in case of the using of the declared marketing technology is given.
Approaches to the counting of scientiic articles are addressed in this paper. Principal attention is paid to fractional counting. It is designated that different approaches to fractional counting can be applied: fractioning with the input of authors, fractioning with organizational input, equal counting. Each approach is characterized by its logic and aim, and gives different results. At the same time the approaches are inter-connected and correspond to hierarchy: "organizations' group-organization-author". Fractioning for each hierarchic level shows different nature of article parts' accounting, which determines validity of managerial methods applied depending on aims and level of modiied object. The fractioning results considering organizational input let judge about managerial impulses between organizations' group and organization. The fractioning results considering organizational and author's input let judge about the organization of the working process in organization. To make correct decisions based on articles' fractioning it is needed to establish a criterion for each hierar-chic level. This will let combine different approaches to fractioning while making a managerial decision. At the same time using the results of fractional counting for decision making it is essential to keep in mind that quantitative analysis of publication activity is only an element of the basis for decision making. Managerial success depends on the data collection, methods of its analysis and number of qualitative characteristics of the operand and context.
Исследуются теоретические и практические вопросы деловой цели в налоговых отношениях. На основе проведенного анализа выработано авторское определение деловой цели, постулируется необходимость разработки критериев разграничения правомерной и неправомерной налоговой оптимизации, а также вносятся предложения и определяются направления совершенствования национального законодательства. ; The theoretical and practical questions of a business purpose in tax relations are investigated. Based on the analysis, the author's definition of a business purpose was developed, the need to work out criteria for distinguishing between legitimate and unlawful tax optimization was postulated, and proposals and directions for improving national legislation were determined.
Quite a number of researchers have addressed the topic of the instruments of inancial support for economic entities. In their works they use various approaches to the classiication of such instruments. The most common is their division into two groups: instruments of direct and indirect support. In this article, two tools for stimulating the economic activity of economic entities are considered: a direct support instrument – preferential repayable inancing (credit) and an indirect support instrument – an investment tax credit, in terms of their application to stimulate applied scientiic research. The authors give examples of the application of preferential repayable inancing in other sectors of economy, for example, in agriculture and education. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of legal acts regulating the use of preferential repayable inancing (credit) and an investment tax credit in practice. At present, none of the instruments for stimulating the activities of economic entities is applied in carrying out research and development. The authors investigate the causes of the situation and suggest possible solutions. Based on the analysis of legislative norms, the authors conclude that these tools can be used to stimulate applied scientiic research. The choice of the topic is caused by the fact that the expansion of the range of instruments for supporting applied research can have а positive impact on transforming new knowledge into new technologies and goods, which is of high importance and requires close attention from the government. The application of these tools, both direct and indirect support, in carrying out applied research in the future can improve the conditions for the development and implementation of innovations. ; For citation: SERGEEVA, O. L., BLAGOVESHCHENSKAYA, A. S. (2018) On prospective instruments for inancial support of economic entities in carrying out applied research. Science. Innovations. Education. No. 3 (29). Pp. 5-22.
the article presents the results of analysis of the state procurement of the drugs for rare diseases. The analysis was conducted on the basis of 1499 selected trade procedures on rare disease drugs procurement in 2013. The article evaluates the state of competition in procurement of monopoly and alternative drugs, the level of price reduction as a result of trading, the amount and volume of purchases in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The analysis results show that tender procedures used for the procurement of monopoly drugs are ineffective because of the lack of competition; distributors are not interested in price reduction at noncompetitive procedures. In the procurement of alternative drugs at competitive trade procedures it is possible to reach a high level of price reduction, indicating overpricing of the initial (maximum) contract price of procured drugs. ; в статье представлены результаты анализа состояния рынка государственных закупок препаратов, применяемых в терапии редких заболеваний. Анализ проводился на основании 1499 отобранных торговых процедур по закупке лекарственных препаратов, применяемых для терапии редких заболеваний в 2013 г. В работе оценивалось состояние конкуренции при закупке монопольных и альтернативных препаратов, уровень снижения цен в результате торгов, количество и объем закупок в субъектах РФ. Результаты проведенного анализа показывают, что тендерные процедуры при закупках монопольных препаратов неэффективны по причине отсутствия конкуренции, дистрибьюторы не заинтересованы в снижении цены при неконкурентных процедурах. При закупках альтернативных лекарственных препаратов на конкурентных торговых процедурах удается достигнуть высокого уровеня снижения цены, что свидетельствует о завышении начальной (максимальной) цены контракта на закупаемые лекарственные препараты.
This article analyzes the problems of the implementation of accepting effective decisions in local authorities. Besides, certain suggestions and reccomendations related to the participation of social public control in decision accepting process in local state governmental bodies.
The article aims to analyze national programs of the USA, the United Kingdom and Israel that support applied research conducted by small and medium-sized businesses. The author analyzes program management systems; sources of funding for the programs; approaches to the selection of thematic areas that receive funding; project evaluation and selection procedures; performance indicators of the projects supported under the programs. The two types of programs that aimed to support innovative small and medium-sized enterprises have been identiied. In the US and the UK, program management is decentralized, projects are funded entirely by the government, program funds can be awarded to thematic areas both on a "top-down" or "bottom-up" basis, a program is typically composed of three phases, though at the last phase (commercialization of the product) the government provides only administrative support rather than inancial assistance. In Israel, program management is centralized; the government ofers only partial funding for research projects, they have to be co-funded by private sector; grants are awarded on a non-competitive basis; one of the main indicators of the program eiciency are royalties, which company is obligated to pay when a government-assisted R&D project results in a commercially successful product. Comparative analysis of these programs has led the author to the conclusion that it is possible to learn from the both types of programs how to improve the management systems of programs that support applied research in Russia.