With the growing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the agricultural sector, smart devices are becoming more prevalent. The availability of new, timely, and precise data offers a great opportunity to develop advanced analytical models. Therefore, the platform used to deliver new developments to the final user is a key enabler for adopting IoT technology. This work presents a generic design of a software platform based on the cloud and implemented using microservices to facilitate the use of predictive or prescriptive analytics under different IoT scenarios. Several technologies are combined to comply with the essential features¿scalability, portability, interoperability, and usability¿that the platform must consider to assist decision-making in agricultural 4.0 contexts. The platform is prepared to integrate new sensor devices, perform data operations, integrate several data sources, transfer complex statistical model developments seamlessly, and provide a user-friendly graphical interface. The proposed software architecture is implemented with open-source technologies and validated in a smart farming scenario. The growth of a batch of pigs at the fattening stage is estimated from the data provided by a level sensor installed in the silo that stores the feed from which the animals are fed. With this application, we demonstrate how farmers can monitor the weight distribution and receive alarms when high deviations happen. ; This research was partially supported by the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) program and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under contract TIN2017-84553-C2-2-R, by the European Union FEDER (CAPAP-H6 network TIN2016-81840-REDT) and the demonstration activity financed by the Operation 01.02.01 of Technological Transfer from the Program of Rural Development in Catalunya 2014–2020 cofinanced by DARP and FEDER.
The strategic importance of Mahón Harbor (Menorca Island, Spain) is developed over several centuries until the point when the enclave is definitively fortified, due to the increasing of Anglo-French shipping routes antagonism in the 1840s. Currently the Fortress of La Mola (1852) is one of the better preserved Spanish examples of military architecture, due to the harbor's dimensions, its depth and protection from the dominant winds in the western Mediterranean. In the frame of maintenance projects, carried out in the complex, the authors have made a preservation project that is focused on two specific elements: Recess Five and the Princess Tower. Recess Five consists of a defensive element in the shape of a pincer or tongs with a redoubt in the recess angle; it forms part of the traditional polygonal defensive system. The containing wall suffered 40 cm of subsidence and the 13 m high stretch of wall was in an advanced state of disrepair, making careful preservation work necessary (2013). On the other hand, the Princess Tower is a building documented prior to construction of the fort (1798–1802). It is later incorporated as a tactical element in the ambitious project of the Fortress of Isabel II. Preservation work (2013) has concentrated on 'freezing' the moment of the explosion, suffered in the tower's interior in 1958. The ruin thereby remains a focal point of the scene, showing the effect of the explosion, and preserving this 'piranesian' image, valuing fragments and layers as constructive prints of a long, historical process. ; Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; Cristini, V.; Ruiz Checa, JR. (2014). Preservation criteria applied to the case study of a 19th century fortress. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. 143:221-229. doi:10.2495/DSHF140191 ; S ; 221 ; 229 ; 143
El yacimiento postclásico de Huexotla en la Cuenca de México es una de las últimas zonas arqueológicas con arquitectura monumental, actualmente invadidas por la gran mancha urbana, que todavía son candidatas, en gran medida por la presencia de montículos aún no liberados, a labores de exploración por equipos académicos especializados. El presente texto es una síntesis de algunas de las referencias históricas acerca de la antigua ciudad de Huexotla que pueden consultarse en las fuentes del siglo XVI y XVII, así como la divulgación de los distintos trabajos de excavación, consolidación y restauración efectuados a lo largo del siglo XX por parte de investigadores tales como Leopoldo Batres, Teresa García y Rafael Alducin, subrayando con toda esta información la importancia del sitio en época prehispánica y la necesidad de su rescate y resguardo por parte tanto de las instituciones gubernamentales como de la comunidad rural circundante. ; The postclassic Huexotla site in the Basin of Mexico is one of the late archaeological zones featuring monumental architecture which are still candidates, although currently invaded by the great urban spot and mainly because of the presence of non-yet liberated mounds, to be explored by specialized academic teams.This writing is a summary of some of the historical references concerning the ancient city of Huexotla which can be looked-up in XVI and XVII centuries sources,as well as the spreading of some excavation, consolidation and restoration works made through the XX century by researchers such as Leopoldo Batres, Teresa Garcia and Rafael Alducin, emphasizing with this whole information the importance of the site in the prehispanic period and its need to be saved and sheltered by both government's institutions and the local rural community.
Australia and Australia's planning -- Australia's health -- Planning for the health of the planet -- Planning for physical activity -- Planning for social interaction -- Planning for healthy eating -- Residential spaces -- Public open spaces -- Transport, access and health -- Commercial, service and employment spaces -- Reflections on principles of healthy planning.
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International audience This article explores the interaction between habitability and urban accessibility in Covid-19 time. If urban habitability is constituted by a series of adjustments and readjustments that any city makes over time to allow for 'coexistence' in both ordinary and extra-ordinary times, we hypothesize that the notion of accessibility is operative to understand how the city redesigns itself in the Covid-19 era. We conducted a cartographic investigation with students from the École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris La Villette, which aimed to understand how an idea of urban accessibility might re-emerge from the spatial transcription of government-imposed restrictions. To begin this demonstration, we carried out a 'cartographic operation' based on Giambattista Nolli's method, invented to map the city of Rome in 1748.
Concerns that the later phases of the proposed European missile-defence architecture threaten Moscow's strategic deterrent lack technical merit. (Survival / SWP)
Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Architecture, İzmir, 2002 ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 162-168) ; Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English ; xiii, 168 leaves ; The art of designing additions carries with it a host of unique challenges. Especially, in the case of annexes and extensions in historical buildings, ideology can be an important factor in shaping the design of the addition. Ideology.s close relation with the concept of identity also makes it a factor in shaping additions in historic buildings. However, studies about the subject generally address themselves to the examination of the functional necessities, and aesthetic concerns. Additions in historic buildings are mostly evaluated within the scope of conservation, and with their harmony to the historical context. This study attempts to analyse the design of additions in historical buildings from a different perspective, leaving aside the principles conservation and discussions of contextualism. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the reflections of ideological and social changes in the physical environment, and to examine the additions in historic buildings from that point of view. Within the scope of this thesis additions in historical buildings are investigated with special emphasis given to the concept of ideology. The interaction between ideology and architecture is explained through an examination of international and local samples. Also, the concept of conservation and historic building is discussed in relation to ideology. Basic reasons for building new architecture in historic settings are examined. Finally, classifications of addition buildings according to their location design approaches, and combined expressions are made.
Das hohe Wirtschaftswachstum vieler asiatischer Länder findet seine Entsprechung in der gebauten Umwelt. Allerdings werden viele Gebäude in diesen Ländern unter Missachtung der kulturellen Wahrzeichen und des traditionellem Soziallebens gebaut. Das eigene traditionelle Erbe sollte besser verstanden und integriert werden in die sich entwickelten Wertesysteme. Traditionelle Werte können dabei einen festen Halt bieten und Identität stiften oder den Entwicklungsprozess und die Akzeptanz der damit verbundenen Werte behindern. Heutzutage sind südostasiatische Architekten dahingehend gefangen, zurechtzukommen mit dem raschen Wandel, die die Modernisierung der Gebäude mit sich bringt. Dabei versuchen sie, die Geschichte und Entwicklung traditionelle Architektur in den modernen heutigen Gebäuden wiederzuverwenden. Die Vorgänger der Architekturhistoriker und die Gelehrten in Myanmar hatten Interesse an den historischen Kunst- und Architekturhinterlassenschaften wie die der Burmesen, Pyu, Mo und Rakhine. Von Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts an haben Spezialisten aus verschiedenen Disziplinen Ihre Arbeit dem Studium der Architektur in Bagan und Mrauk-U gewidmet. Hundert Jahre später existieren immer noch viele Kontroversen und Meinungsverschiedenheiten um dieses Thema. Das zeigt, dass diese Region weiterhin erforscht werden muss. Die beiden Städte, Bagan und Mrauk-U zeigen, dass die traditionellen Gebäude monumentale Gedenkstätten in Raum und Form sind. Sie deklarieren traditionelle Architektur als Symbol des nationalen Charakters und des kulturellen Erbes. Die Stile der Gebäude spiegeln die Situationen des jeweiligen Zeitraums wider sowie den Geist der Bauherren, der zu jener Zeit beherrschend war in politischer, sozialer, kultureller und auch wirtschaftlicher Form. Es gilt zu überlegen, wie ein Ansatz aussehen könnte, um das heikle Unterfangen der Harmonisierung von Architekturtechnologien der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart in Einklang mit Zeit, Ort und Gegebenheiten zu bringen. Um eine Lösung für die Kooperation und Integration der Architektur in Myanmar zu finden. Die Verwendung der traditionellen Architektonischen Identität um eine neue moderne Architektur in der bebauten Umwelt zu schaffen, dient nicht nur dem Erhalt einer Traditionellen Identität sondern auch der Erfüllung der Bedürfnisse der Nutzer. Sind sie es doch die eng mit diesen Gebäuden verbunden sind. Durch die Untersuchung der Geschichte der Architektur in Pyu, Bagan und Mrauk-U und der Klassifikation der Tempel kann die Geschichte der Architektur von Myanmar verglichen werden besonders unter Einbeziehung der gegenwärtigen Tempel in Yangon. Diese Studie versucht, die alten Denkmäler hinsichtlich ihrer architektonischen Gesichtspunkte in Bezug auf geschichtliche, geografischen, soziale, wirtschaftliche, religiösen und klimatische Einflüsse zu untersuchen und die vorhandenen Werte in den Tempeln in Pyu, Bagan und Mrauk-U in Bezug zur Architektur zu setzten. Dies mit dem Ziel, zu verstehen wie sie die Identität eines gebauten Bildes in dieser gebauten Umwelt vermitteln konnten. Die Forschung hat auch das Ziel, ein besseres Verständnis der verschiedenen Einflüsse und Entwicklungen innerhalb der historischen Umgebung zu liefern. Des Weiteren versucht die Studie die Wiederentdeckung der Raumkomposition und Form der historischen Architektur. Zudem versucht die Studie einige Vorschläge und Empfehlungen zur Entwicklung von Konservierungsstrategien zu geben. Diese können leicht in den Städten, die mir als Fallstudien gedient haben, umgesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind deshalb von grosser Bedeutung für die heutige Tempelarchitektur in Myanmar. ; Many countries in the Asian region which are now experiencing a high economic growth encounter in the built environment. A lot of buildings are being constructed in the region with a total disregard to our cultural landmark and traditional social life-style. Our traditional own heritage needs to be effectively understood and integrated into our evolving value system. Traditional values can either provide strength and identity or be obstructive to the development process and the acceptance of today's more enlightened value. Today, in Southeast Asian countries, architects caught in the theories of rapid transformation and learning how to cope with the modernization that modern building techniques appear to produce. And they try to reuse that traditional architecture in modern present buildings from the architecture of the history and development through the periods. The forerunners of architectural historians and the pioneer scholars in Myanmar were interested in the art and architecture of the remains of the great historical traditions, such as the Burmese, Pyu, Mon and Rakhine. Starting from the beginning of 20th century, specialists of many disciplines dedicate their works to the study of architecture in Bagan and Mrauk-U from various aspects and now over one hundred years have been passed and yet many controversies and disagreements still exist, showing that research works are still needed about facts on this region. These two cities, Bagan and Mrauk-U explain that the traditional buildings are monumental memorials in space and form and provide the traditional architecture as the symbol of national character and cultural heritage. The styles of the buildings reflect the situation of each period and the mind of builders at that time politically, socially, culturally and economically. It has to consider emphatically how it is delicate to approach in accordance with time, place and condition as well as harmonization to architectural technology of past and present for the solving of the cooperation and integration of Myanmar architecture. Using traditional architectural identity to create a new contemporary architecture in the built environment is not only conserving the traditional architectural identity but also fulfilling the needs of the users as they have lived intimately in those buildings. By investigating that history of architecture in Pyu, Bagan and Mrauk-U and depending on the classification of the temples there, the reflection of the historic architecture of Myanmar can be compared and recommended with the present temples in Yangon. This study tries to observe the ancient monuments in architectural aspects based on historical background, geographical, social, economic, religious and climatic influences and seek the existing values in the temples in Pyu, Bagan and Mrauk-U in terms of architecture in order to understand how they became the identity of and built image in such a built environment. The research is also aimed to get a better understanding of the various influences and evolutions within the historic setting and tries to rediscover the historical architectural aspects in their form and spatial composition. Finally, this research will try to provide some recommendations and suggestions for developing conservation strategies, which can be implemented all in the selected case study cities. These forces are creating tension in such areas and thus are among other current important tasks of the architecture of the temples today.
This paper is based on the premise that how humans are treated and their needs met defines a community culture. Cultures that do not meet the needs of their people will wither. It is a very personal statement and is not intended to be a lengthy treatise of library technologies, collections, service models or architecture. It focuses on the messiness of dealing with the complex realities of today's culture and the intersection of the library as a place of service and a sustainable part of a community. ; https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/rethinkit_proceedings/1005/thumbnail.jpg
Представлена история развития архитектурного пространства в связи с историей формирования способов взаимодействия человека с миром и с самим собой. Показано, как человек организовывал свое пространство на уровне вписывания его в природу в древности, вычленяя и поднимая вверх в эпоху Средних веков, осваивал пространство по законам линейной перспективы в эпоху Возрождения, по законам бесконечности в период барокко, в зависимости от функциональной необходимости, в Новейшее время, связанное с возникновением в XIX-XX вв. понятия свободного пространства в архитектуре. ; The aim of the article is to analyze the structure development dynamics of the architectural space in the context of communication theory and to research the relation of methods and forms of the architectural space structure to the direction of the dominant type of communication at a certain historical stage of society development. Since architecture is the place of man's living and acting, it can be viewed as a type of a communicative space. Its formation begins with the outlining of the profane and sacred spheres of space. It determines the direction of the further evolution of architecture. The communicative architectural space is developing in the course of further segmentation of the inner structure of buildings and their height growth, creating constructions that would tower over the surrounding landscape. In the Middle Ages a strictly hierarchical and symbolic space appears, giving the communication a vertical direction: from bottom to top. This principle finds its expression in the space structure of the religious architecture. During the Renaissance, the space organization becomes horizontal. It is the first time when we see the formation of the private space: the separation of the family members' and the public territories; the latter moves from the cathedral to the town square. The Modern Era's architectural space structure is formed under the influence of the first scientific revolution, geographical discoveries and changes in the political life. The concept of an infinite space appears. Unlike the Renaissance space organized according to the laws of linear perspective and architectural order, which suggested a strict system of proportions, the 16th-century Baroque bases on the active position of the viewer, who becomes a participant of the infinite space formation. The 19th century divides the architectural space into working and living areas, thus dramatically changing the structure of living quarters. The discovery of optics at the beginning of the 20th century leads to the refusal from a single point of view on the space structure and to an unrestricted placement of elements in the building. As a result, the concept of mutual penetration of external and internal spaces starts forming. In architecture, it is expressed in the appearance of internal and external space free planning. The author comes to a conclusion that throughout history we can observe changes in the structure of the communicative architectural space expressed in the transformations of interaction directions. In the Ancient Times the predominant horizontal direction reflects the syncretism of relations between nature and society. The vertical direction of the Middle Ages shows man's pursuit of God. Then comes the horizontal direction again, connected with anthropocentrism, but aimed outside, at other people; and the horizontal one in the modern culture aimed inside oneself, as a reflection of the introspection tendency.
La danza contemporánea ha manifestado a lo largo de los últimos sesenta años un desarrollo sin precedentes en materia corpóreo-espacial del que la arquitectura, como disciplina que da soporte espacial a los cuerpos, aún no se ha hecho eco. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar que la danza puede ser una interesante herramienta de conocimiento para los arquitectos en un doble sentido: como forma de percepción ampliada y como dispositivo creativo. Para ello, se estudia desde el enfoque citado el trabajo de cuatro coreógrafos referentes de dicho período y se contrastan sus aportaciones con determinadas experiencias arquitectónicas. Estos coreógrafos son: Anna Halprin, The Judson Church, Pina Bausch y William Forsythe. A través del estudio de estos cuatro casos se encuentran importantes hallazgos en relación a la comprensión del espacio desde el propio cuerpo y en lo relativo a la generación de diferentes espacialidades desde lo corporal. Aparecen formas de percepción del espacio a través de sentidos poco utilizados en arquitectura como la propiocepción, la gravedad o el equilibrio, así como también se muestra el impacto de la arquitectura sobre nuestros cuerpos a través de la memoria corporal. Surgen nuevos entendimientos estructurales y organizativos del cuerpo que introducen dinamismo y diluyen sus límites superando los modelos habituales de uso de la arquitectura. Además, afloran condiciones del ámbito corpóreo-espacial como lo político y lo subjetivo que pueden entenderse directamente a través de la práctica del cuerpo en el espacio en primera persona. Estos hallazgos y algunos otros refuerzan la idea del interés de incorporar la danza contemporánea como ámbito posible de fusión con la arquitectura y presenta implicaciones directas en los espacios docentes de la misma y en el nuevo currículum de los arquitectos. ; During the last sixty years, contemporary dance has developed the subject of the relationship between body and space with quite different and countless approaches, however, architecture, as a discipline that provides spatial support to the bodies, has not yet echoed this fact. This PhD thesis aims to demonstrate that contemporary dance might be an interesting tool of knowledge for architecture in a double sense: as a kind of amplified perception and as device for creativity. To do so, four choreographs of this period are studied from the approach mentioned above. These are: Anna Halprin, The Judson Church, Pina Bausch and William Forsythe. Through the study of these four cases important findings are found in relation to the understanding of space through the body and with regard to the generation of different kinds of body-spatiality. Uncommon senses such as balance, gravity and proprioception appears as new ways of perceiving the architectural space which can be apprehended through body memory. Innovative understandings of the structure and the organization of the body which introduce dynamism to the body diluting its limits are also provided by dance and overcome the common models of usage in architecture. In addition, body and spatial conditions such as the politic and the subjective are presented to be understood through practise. These findings and some others support the idea of the interest in incorporating contemporary dance as a possible field of confluence with architecture and has direct implications for the architectural teaching spaces and for the new curriculum of architects.
Las rutas de peregrinación del Camino de Santiago surgen tras el descubrimiento del sepulcro del Apóstol en el siglo IX como reacción culta a la invasión culta del Islam. Santiago de Compostela se construye por la acción del tiempo, expresando en sus estratos el permanente diálogo entre lo nuevo y lo viejo donde todos los movimientos artísticos (románico, gótico, renacimiento, barroco, neoclasicismo, modernismo y raciona- lismo) alzan sus voces en una afinada composición coral. Las tensiones que surgen en la ciudad histórica en los años sesenta del siglo XX desaparecen con la llegada a la alcaldía en 1983 del arquitecto Xerardo Estévez, permaneciendo duran- te 15 años. Liderando un activo diálogo entre administraciones en base a los hitos marcados por los Años Santos Jubilares de 1993 y 1999 y por la Capitalidad Cultural Europea de 2000, vuelve la mirada hacia una ciudad inacabada que reencuentra el Camino de Santiago como hecho cultural. La redacción del Plan Especial del Conjunto Histórico por Kleihues y las señaladas obras de Siza, Grassi, Hejduk, Cano Lasso y Piñón-Viaplana recuperan el empleo de materiales tradicionales en el corazón de la ciudad histórica. La arquitectura contemporánea convive con una política activa de rehabilitación que fija la población residente del conjunto histórico, convirtiéndose en escenario de grandes eventos colectivos y evitando su musealización. Eduardo Chillida concluye en 1994 "Porta da Musica" en el Parque de Santo Domingo de Bonaval de Álvaro Siza donde, mediante tres piezas de acero, cambia materia por espacio, esculpiendo un vacío que enmarca las torres barrocas de la Catedral. Este homenaje a las relaciones entre arquitectura, escultura y música es el símbolo del equilibrio entre tradición y modernidad, entre historia y progreso, escenario de una renovada relación de los ciudadanos con su ciudad histórica, cuya identidad aparece reforzada por el valor añadido de lo contemporáneo. ; The routes of peregrination of the Camino de Santiago arise after the discovery of the sepulcher of the Apostle in the 9th century as educated reaction to the educated invasion of the Islam. Santiago de Compostela is constructed by the action of the time, expressing in his levels the permanent dialog between the new thing and the old thing where all the artistic move- ments (romanesque, gothic, renaissance, baroque, neoclassi- cism, modernism and rationalism) lift his voices in a perfected composition choir. The tensions that arise in the historical city in the sixties of the 20th century disappear with the arrival to the mayoralty in 1983 of the architect Xerardo Estévez, remaining for 15 years. Leading an active dialog between administrations on the basis of the events marked for the Años Santos Jubilares of 1993 and 1999 and for the Cultural European Capital of 2000, it turns the look towards an unfinished city that the Camino de Santi- ago meets again as cultural fact. The draft of the Special Plan of the Historical Set for Kleihues and the notable works of Siza, Grassi, Hejduk, Cano Lasso and Piñón-Viaplana recover the use of traditional materials in the heart of the historical city. The contemporary architecture coexists with an active politics of rehabilitation that there con- serves the resident population of the historical set, turning into scene of big collective events and avoiding his conversion of a museum. Eduardo Chillida concludes in 1994 "Porta da Musica" in the Alvaro Siza's Santo Domingo de Bonaval's Park where, by means of three pieces of steel, it changes matter into space, creating an emptiness that frames the Cathedral's baroque tower. This honoring to the relations between architecture, sculpture and music is the symbol of the balance between tradi- tion and modernity, between history and progress, scene of a renewed relation between the citizens and their historical city, which identity reinforces by the added value of the contempo- rary thing.
International audience ; We propose an automated method for computing inductive invariants used to proving deadlock freedom of parametric component-based systems. The method generalizes the approach for computing structural trap invariants from bounded to parametric systems with general architectures. It symbolically extracts trap invariants from interaction formulae defining the system architecture. The paper presents the theoretical foundations of the method, including new results for the first order monadic logic and proves its soundness. It also reports on a preliminary experimental evaluation on several textbook examples. Modern computing systems exhibit dynamic and reconfigurable behavior. To tackle the complexity of such systems, engineers extensively use architectures that enforce, by construction, essential properties, such as fault tolerance or mutual exclusion. Architec-tures can be viewed as parametric operators that take as arguments instances of components of given types and enforce a characteristic property. For instance, client-server architectures enforce atomicity and resilience of transactions, for any numbers of clients and servers. Similarly, token-ring architectures enforce mutual exclusion between any number of components in the ring. Parametric verification is an extremely relevant and challenging problem in systems engineering. In contrast to the verification of bounded systems, consisting of a known set of components, there exist no general methods and tools succesfully applied to parametric systems. Verification problems for very simple parametric systems, even with finite-state components, are typically intractable [15,9]. Most work in this area puts emphasis on limitations determined mainly by three criteria (1) the topology of the architecture, (2) the coordination primitives, and (3) the properties to be verified. The main decidability results reduce parametric verification to the verification of a bounded number of instances of finite state components. Several methods try to determine a cutoff size of the system, i.e. the minimal size for which if a property holds, then it holds for any size, e.g. Suzuki [19], Emerson and Namjoshi [14]. Other methods identify systems with well-structured transition relations, for which symbolic enumeration of reachable states is feasible [1] or reduce to known decidable problems, such as reach-ability in vector addition systems [15]. Typically, these methods apply to systems with Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 700665 CITADEL (Criti-cal Infrastructure Protection using Adaptive MILS) and no. 730086 ERGO (European Robotic Goal-Oriented Autonomous Controller).
What makes a great city? Not a good city or a functional city but a great city. A city that people admire, learn from, and replicate. City planner and architect Alexander Garvin set out to answer this question by observing cities, largely in North America and Europe, with special attention to Paris, London, New York, and Vienna. For Garvin, greatness is not just about the most beautiful, convenient, or well-managed city; it isn't even about any "city." It is about what people who shape cities can do to make a city great. A great city is not an exquisite, completed artifact. It is a dynamic, constantly changing place that residents and their leaders can reshape to satisfy their demands. While this book does discuss the history, demographic composition, politics, economy, topography, history, layout, architecture, and planning of great cities, it is not about these aspects alone. Most importantly, it is about the interplay between people and public realm, and how they have interacted throughout history to create great cities. To open the book, Garvin explains that a great public realm attracts and retains the people who make a city great. He describes exactly what the term public realm means, its most important characteristics, as well as providing examples of when and how these characteristics work, or don't. An entire chapter is devoted to a discussion of how particular components of the public realm (squares in London, parks in Minneapolis, and streets in Madrid) shape people's daily lives. He concludes with a look at how twenty-first century initiatives in Paris, Houston, Atlanta, Brooklyn, and Toronto are making an already fine public realm even better-initiatives that demonstrate what other cities can do to improve. This volume will help readers understand that any city can be changed for the better and inspire entrepreneurs, public officials, and city residents to do it themselves
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