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After summarizing various international relations crises in the 20th century, the article discusses how they helped change the worldview on economic conditions & international relations. The idea of globalization as a new perspective in the field of international relations is analyzed & conclusions drawn on its financial & political meanings. The article then comments on the importance of the growth in numbers of democratic countries & the prevention of armed conflict between nations. E. Miller

The article opens with the position that Jerusalem had not yet been able to fully take up its position as nexus of the three major world religions due to armed conflict. The article continues with a discussion on the pivotal role Jerusalem plays in Middle Eastern politics & with the state of Israel itself. The article gives a brief historical account of the laws that govern political ownership of Jerusalem & the international diplomatic interventions that have attempted to create peace in the Middle East through political play with Jerusalem. The author gives an account of the recent events at Camp David & the more open negotiations that occurred there. E. Miller

The province of Cabo Delgado, in the extreme north of Mozambique, is experiencing a difficult situation of armed conflict linked to the presence of an "Islamist" insurgency launched by the group known as al-Shabaab. The essay reconstructs and analyses the main topics and the most relevant axes of this complex political and social process, by examining in particular: origins and characteristics of the group, the ways in which it was formed, the main reasons underlying the phenomenon, placing them within the socio-economic context of the region. Finally, it discusses some aspects related to military responses to the rebellion, including the role of some international actors. ; The province of Cabo Delgado, in the extreme north of Mozambique, is experiencing a difficult situation of armed conflict linked to the presence of an "Islamist" insurgency launched by the group known as al-Shabaab. The essay reconstructs and analyses the main topics and the most relevant axes of this complex political and social process, by examining in particular: origins and characteristics of the group, the ways in which it was formed, the main reasons underlying the phenomenon, placing them within the socio-economic context of the region. Finally, it discusses some aspects related to military responses to the rebellion, including the role of some international actors.

La tesi è incentrata sull'analisi delle misure adottate dalle società durante un periodo di transizione politica a fronte delle violazioni dei diritti umani avvenute per mano di un regime dittatoriale o di un conflitto armato. L'analisi si concentra sullo studio dei modelli di giustizia di transizione nei casi di Sudafrica, Cile e Colombia. Infine, un'attenzione particolare viene rivolta all'applicazione della giustizia penale nei confronti dei responsabili delle violazioni e al conflitto tra le diverse esigenze della società. The thesis is centered on the the analysis of the measures taken by societies during a period of political transition to deal with human rights violations occured in the context of a dictatorship or an armed conflict. The analysis focuses on the study of transitional justice models in the cases of South Africa, Chile and Colombia. Finally, particular attention is paid to the application of criminal justice to those responsible for violations and to the conflict between the different needs of society.

[The monitoring of the implementation of the Havana Agreements by regional organizations: the OAS and the OEI] At the end of 2016, the Government of Colombia and the FARC-EP managed to sign a Peace Agreement to end the longest armed conflict in Latin America, known as the Havana Agreements. However, the implementation phase of the Agreements is extremely fragile and the institutionalized international community plays a key role in the success of this procedure. The Peace Agreement assigned the regional organizations very specific functions in terms of monitoring the implementation of each of the six points agreed upon. This investigation analyzes the results obtained through the monitoring and accompaniment work of the Organization of American States –OAS- and the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture –OEI- reflected in the official reports published in this regard.

During the past years both the political instability and the uncontrolled economic development in the Middle East caused several threats to the cultural heritage, including widespread looting and destruction of hundreds of archaeological sites, looting of museums, flooding of ancient settlements due to the construction of dams, damages to monuments and sites during armed conflicts. Notwithstanding the ongoing difficult condition of fieldwork, a new phase of archaeological research has begun with projects of landscape archaeology, excavations and extensive surveys carried out especially in Iraqi Kurdistan, allowing a detailed reconstruction of the settlement dynamics and historical development in the trans-Tigridian region, from the prehistory to the Islamic period. A new archaeological renaissance contributing to the process of peace-building through the empowerment of strong ties between the local communities and the cultural heritage.

The pastoral groups of Karamoja (Uganda) got automatic weapons in the late 70s and since then on, the structural intra- and interethnic conflict in the area has progressively become wilder and wilder, and has been interweaving an ever-growing acute economic, ecological and humanitarian crisis. The international community is working since decades with the aim of promoting development and peace. The place of the conflict, both real and virtual, is twofold. On the one hand, it may be identified with the production theatre (pasture and agricultural lands, herds) marked by historical feuds and periodic clashes between the Karimojong warriors and the Ugandan armed forces; on the other, the virtual negotiation table around which local, national and international institutions play their interests for promoting development and peace projects. The author, comparing his fieldwork carried out in the years 1997-2001 with the most recent literature, critically analyzes the cooperation practices and the conflict-resolution policies in the area. ; Dalla fine degli anni Settanta del XX secolo, i gruppi pastorali della Karamoja (Uganda) sono entrati in possesso di armi automatiche (kalashnikov). Da allora, la strutturale conflittualità intra- ed interetnica nell'area ha assunto caratteri di particolare ferocia e si è progressivamente intrecciata con una crisi economica, ecologica ed umanitaria sempre più acuta. La comunità internazionale si adopera da decenni sia per promuovere lo sviluppo economico e sociale, sia per favorire la pace. Il luogo del conflitto è duplice: da un lato, il teatro economico-produttivo (pascoli, mandrie, aree agricole) segnato da faide storiche e da scontri ciclici tra i guerrieri Karimojong e le forze armate ugandesi; dall'altro, il tavolo di negoziazione intorno a cui ruotano le istituzioni locali, nazionali e straniere con i loro interessi di promozione e gestione di progetti di sviluppo e di pace. L'autore, confrontando la sua esperienza sul campo condotta nel periodo 1997-2001 con la letteratura antropologica e politologica più recente, analizza criticamente le pratiche di cooperazione allo sviluppo e le politiche di conflict-resolution nell'area.

The research focuses on the current war in Syria,from the early months of 2011 up to the events of late 2017,and assess if and how the conflict does fit within the categories of armed conflicts elaboratedso far by the main theories of international relations and strategic studies, in particular those concerning the so called "New Wars". Moreover, the research would assess if the conflict in Syria has introduced new elements to the scientific debate. the first chapter provides an analysis of the scientific literature regarding the different approaches and schools in the theory of international relations. The second chapter reviews the scientific literature on foreign policy and war within the Middle East region: decision-making processes, alliances, regrouping and axis. The third, final chapter represents the core of the thesis, namely a theoretical analysis of the most important actors (state and non-state): their goals, strategies and policies, by reviewing the related scientific studies, social media pages, official, governmental statements, as well as by making use of data collected during the several research missions on the field, and especially from research centers in Damascus. Here, personal interviews have also been made with Syrian policy makers or figures that have direct contact with the decision making process in Syria. These data have provided the thesis with an extra advantage in understanding and assessing the fast-changing and fragmented situation on the ground.

Cover -- quartino -- Table of Contents -- Introduction. The Renewed Attention for the Protection of the Cultural Expressions in Crisis Areas -- Countering the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property. Implementation Experience in Argentina -- SESSION 1 Protecting Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Key Points -- Antiquities Trafficking and Conflict Financing: The Fight Against Looting and Smuggling of Cultural Property Goods in a Global Perspective of Peace -- Assistance by Peacekeeping Forces to Protection of Cultural Heritage and International Criminal Responsibility -- SESSION 2 Protecting Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Contemporary Issues -- Cultural Protection Policy in the Syrian Arab Republic An International Law Perspective -- Contrasto del terrorismo e protezione dei beni e delle espressioni culturali: l'esperienza della Tunisia -- Cultural Heritage in Oman Forts, Castles and Fortifications as Models -- SESSION 3 Peacekeeping and Protection of Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage -- UN Security Council Approaches to the Global Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage: An Evolving Role in Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Objects -- Closing Remarks -- The Protection of Cultural Heritagein the Context of the Maintenance of Peaceand Security: The Way Ahead -- After the Workshop Steps Forwards -- Exploitation of Natural Resources in Timesof Armed Conflict: The Contributionof the United Nations and Peace Operationsin Addressing Resource-Related Conflicts -- The Relationship Between the Protection of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage under International Law -- Reflecting on the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage as a War Crime in Light of the ICC Judgement in the Al Mahdi Case -- Cultural Genocide

ITALIANO: Il rapporto tra monarchia e baronaggio ha rappresentato, fin dal secolo XVI, un tema fondamentale per l'interpretazione delle complesse dinamiche politico-istituzionali riguardanti il Regno aragonese di Napoli. Per lo più letto in chiave antitetica, alla luce dei ripetuti conflitti armati tra la Corona e i baroni ribelli, questo rapporto merita tuttavia, nell'alveo di una rinnovata storiografia, d'essere ancora indagato, a partire da inediti punti d'osservazione. Questo articolo si focalizza sui principi reali napoletani, impegnati in alti ruoli istituzionali e al contempo titolari di feudi: principi-baroni aragonesi, dunque, attraverso i quali (in particolare Federico d'Aragona, principe di Taranto e di Squillace, il cui caso paradigmatico è più ampiamente analizzato) la Corona sperimenta un superamento dell'antitesi, estendendo la propria prassi politica e la propria ideologia del potere nei territori provinciali, nonché diffondendo e difendendo un proprio modello ideale di barone regnicolo. / ENGLISH: The relationship between monarchy and barons represented, since the XVI century, a fundamental theme for the interpretation of the complex political and institutional dynamics concerning the Aragonese Kingdom in Naples. This relationship was especially seen as antithetical, because of the repeated armed conflicts between the Crown and the rebellious barons, but it deserves, according to a renewed historiography, to be still investigated from unedited observation posts. This article focuses on the neapolitan royal princes, occupied in very important institutional roles and at the same time titulars of feuds: Aragonese princes-barons, therefore, through which (and particularly Frederick of Aragon, prince of Taranto and Squillace, whose paradigmatic case is analyzed more widely) the Crown experiments an overcoming of the antithesis, extending its own political praxis and its own ideology of the power in the provincial territories, as well as spreading and defending its own ideal model of a Neapolitan baron.

The relationship between monarchy and barons represented, since the XVI century, a fundamental theme for the interpretation of the complex political and institutional dynamics concerning the Aragonese Kingdom in Naples. This relationship was especially seen as antithetical, because of the repeated armed conflicts between the Crown and the rebellious barons, but it deserves, according to a renewed historiography, to be still investigated from unedited observation posts. This article focuses on the neapolitan royal princes, occupied in very important institutional roles and at the same time titulars of feuds: Aragonese princes-barons, therefore, through which (and particularly Frederick of Aragon, prince of Taranto and Squillace, whose paradigmatic case is analyzed more widely) the Crown experiments an overcoming of the antithesis, extending its own political praxis and its own ideology of the power in the provincial territories, as well as spreading and defending its own ideal model of a Neapolitan baron. ; Il rapporto tra monarchia e baronaggio ha rappresentato, fin dal secolo XVI, un tema fondamentale per l'interpretazione delle complesse dinamiche politico-istituzionali riguardanti il Regno aragonese di Napoli. Per lo più letto in chiave antitetica, alla luce dei ripetuti conflitti armati tra la Corona e i baroni ribelli, questo rapporto merita tuttavia, nell'alveo di una rinnovata storiografia, d'essere ancora indagato, a partire da inediti punti d'osservazione. Questo articolo si focalizza sui principi reali napoletani, impegnati in alti ruoli istituzionali e al contempo titolari di feudi: principi-baroni aragonesi, dunque, attraverso i quali (in particolare Federico d'Aragona, principe di Taranto e di Squillace, il cui caso paradigmatico è più ampiamente analizzato) la Corona sperimenta un superamento dell'antitesi, estendendo la propria prassi politica e la propria ideologia del potere nei territori provinciali, nonché diffondendo e difendendo un proprio modello ideale di barone regnicolo.

In the first years of the Second World War along the coast of Sardinia, a system of military defenses was built consisting essentially of bunkers and concrete batteries, many of which are still standing, as "testarde rovine" that resist the passage of time. This network has been structured on the territory according to tactical criteria of vigilance, control and ability to respond against an attack and based on a project that has a link with the system of towers-sentinels of the Modern age and is simultaneous to the construction of other "walls" throughout Europe. His remains, numerous and repeated as industrial objects, are bearers of negative values and discord from his own conception: machines to kill, for self-defense, so it is difficult to relate this architectural heritage with the concept of shared identity. Sardinia is representative of this legacy because more than a thousand scattered elements have been built throughout the island; the proposed analysis deepens the theme in the study area of Bosa, on the west coast, bounded by two historical towers, proceeding with the inventory and classification of the pieces that remain (with the contribute of photogrammetric survey and 3d models) in order to propose options for the protection and conservation of this legacy of the twentieth century armed conflicts. The proposals for reuse distinguish the cultural and geographical context –both urban and rural– in which the ruins are inserted and try to integrate this singular heritage into the coastal historical landscape as a further layer of the actions of the men along the time. Tra la terra e il cielo. Architettura di guerra in Sardegna: un paesaggio da conservareNei primi anni della Seconda Guerra Mondiale sulla costa della Sardegna venne realizzato un sistema di difesa costituito essenzialmente da bunker e batterie in calcestruzzo armato, molti dei quali ancora conservatisi come "obstinadas ruinas " che resistono al passare del tempo. I nodi di questa rete, simultanea alla costruzione di altri "muri "in tutta ...