Reports on the many initiatives under the Environmental Protection Agency, including Energy Star, Methane Emissions reduction programs, CO2 emissions reduction programs, etc. Provides economic and emission reduction statistics and other quantifiable measures of achievement.
Air pollution is a severe issue in the United Kingdom. Legal and scientific efforts to combat the deleterious health effects arising from polluted air are wide-ranging but suffer a lack of enforcement. The issue of enforcement is a central theme within this paper; the most stringent or ambitious limits are meaningless without enforcement. Legal responses to specific pollutants and polluting industries are first explored to establish a narrative of the United Kingdom's approach to air quality protection throughout the Industrial Revolution. Legal issues and regulatory methods during the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union are then discussed in juxtaposition to domestic historical approaches, acknowledging the United Kingdom's utilisation of displacement methods and general failures to adhere to European Union law. Beyond 2020, the retention and function of EU-derived and domestic legislation is considered in light of Brexit. The United Kingdom faces – post-Brexit – an opportunity for improvement in its atmospheric quality. However, without the enforcement capabilities of the Court of Justice of the European Union there is a real possibility that atmospheric quality in the United Kingdom will face a severe and dangerous regression – becoming, once again, the "dirty man of Europe".
An Advanced Development Program (ADP) to develop and demonstrate effective Atmospheric Electricity Hazards Protection (AEHP) for the fighter, transport/bomber, helicopter and cruise missile classes of air vehicles is being conducted under an Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories (AFWAL) contract with Boeing Military Airplane Company (BMAC). Other Government agencies are also supporting the ADP. The parameters characterizing the lightning threat have been defined for moderate and severe flashes ; e.g., 200 kA peak and 200 kA/microsecond rise rate for the severe threat lightning current. The attachment of lightning flashes to aircraft has resulted in many losses of aircraft in the past. The losses have been caused by both physical damage to the aircraft frame or structure, and electrical effects to aircraft flight critical elements and systems. The losses associated with upset and/or damage may increase with the advent of sensitive integrated circuitry being used in flight critical applications, and the use of composite material in these airframes and structures thereby reducing its electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Protection concepts ; e.g., circuit and system shielding, terminal protection, conducting floors and cable protection ; may be used to prevent damage. A design methodology considering airframe characteristics, and circuit and system characteristics and criticality, which will lead to identification of balanced protection schemes is presented. Incorporation of AEHP is expected to enhance the operational flexibility of air vehicles through increased confidence of all-weather operational integrity. The effectiveness demonstration phase of the AEHP ADP using a modified F-14 airframe with advanced avionic and power systems is described. An ACAP helicopter is also to be used as a testbed. The testbeds will be subjected to low-level continuous wave (CW), moderate-level pulse, and severe-level pulse current injection. This method evaluates the safety margin of the generic protection design.
Due to multiple factors, including an increase in military operations tempo and the improved resolution of meteorological models, demand for access to customized aviation weather products has increased exponentially. This has given rise to a need for a multi-purpose interactive aviation weather product generation software solution. This software solution must be platform-independent, multiple data source access configurable, robust, extensible or upgradeable, user-friendly, and an improvement over current visualization applications used in the operational military aviation weather community. This thesis determines whether Unidata MetApps meets these criteria. A software reuse and component-based engineering approach was taken in this thesis. Two experimental applications were constructed using a software design approach resembling the Facade software design pattern. The first application used existing MetApps stand-alone prototype applications, while the second exploited capabilities of the MetApps component library. Both experimental applications were measured against the above set of criteria to determine their suitability for incorporation in platform-independent user-customized aviation weather products generation software. The results prove that a Facade software design approach can be effectively used to build applications. It was determined however that, even though MetApps shows promise, it may not be suitable for incorporation into an operational application.
In dieser Arbeit wird die wissenschaftliche Unterstützung beschrieben, die während der vergangenen 15 Jahre auf dem Gebiet der Entwicklung und Anwendung von numerischen Simulationsmodellen zum grossräumigen atmosphärischen Transport von Schwermetallen für die Wirtschaftskommission der Vereinten Nationen für Europa (United Nations-Economic Commission Europe UN-ECE) über weiträumige, grenzüberschreitende Luftverschmutzung (LRTAP) sowie anderer europäischer Umweltschutzkonventionen wie die Kommission zum Schutz der marinen Umwelt des Nordost-Atlantiks (OSPAR) und der Ostsee (HELCOM) durchgeführt wurde. Die Arbeit basiert hauptsächlich auf den Ergebnissen und Schlussfolgerungen der 9 Publikationen im Anhang. Darüber hinaus werden neuere Forschungsergebnisse diskutiert, die noch nicht in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur veröffentlicht sind. Einleitend wird der Stand des Wissens über atmosphärische Prozesse von Schwermetallen unter der Annahme dargestellt, dass diese Prozesse in einer für Zwecke der zuvor genannten Umweltschutzkonventionen geeigneten Weise in Modellen parameterisiert werden können. Mit diesen Modellen können grenzüberschreitende Flüsse der drei prioritären Schwermetalle Blei, Cadmium und Quecksilber quantifiziert werden sowie Aussagen über die Herkunft der gemessenen Schwermetallkonzentrationen gemacht werden und die Auswirkung von Emissionsminderungen auf terrestrische und aquatische Ökosysteme in Europa prognostisch abgeschätzt werden. Relativ einfache Lagrange Modelle werden im Kontext mit aktuellen umweltwissenschaftlichen und umweltpolitischen Fragen diskutiert. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist ein komplexes dreidimensionales Eulersches Modellsysten zum atmosphärischen Transport und chemischen Transformationen von Quecksilberspezies. Dieses Modellsystem representiert weltweit den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft und ist in seinen Kernstücken von anderen Umweltforschungsinstituten übernommen worden. Es ist als eines der drei Referenzmodelle für die derzeit erstellte 'EU Air Quality Directive' für Quecksilber ausgewählt worden und nimmt an einem internationalen Modellvergleich im Rahmen der UN-ECE Konvention teil. Der derzeitige Entwicklungsstand der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modellsysteme erlaubt deren weiteren Einsatz für umweltpolitische Zwecke im Rahmen der obengenannten Konventionen. Dabei werden sowohl die Quantifizierung der grenzüberschreitenden atmosphärischen Schwermetalltransporte und deren Bewertung hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf terrestrische und aquatische Ökosysteme als auch die Erweiterung der Modelle bezüglich umweltrelevanter Stoffe der Zukunft (Feinstaub, persistente organische Verbindungen) von besonderer Bedeutung sein. ; This study summarizes more than 15 years of scientific support for the United Nations-Economic Commission Europe (UN-ECE) Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) and other European environmental protection conventions such as the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) by means of development and application of numerical simulation models for the atmospheric long-range transport of heavy metals. The work is mainly based on results and conclusions described in the nine papers of the appendix but some more recent investigations which have not yet been published in the scientific literature are also presented. An introductory overview and synthesis of current knowledge and understanding pertaining to all major aspects of heavy metals in the atmosphere is presented from a viewpoint that numerical modelling of their atmospheric processes is necessary and feasible to support the conventions mentioned above. The models discussed in this study have capabilities to quantify transboundary fluxes of lead, cadmium and mercury as the priority metals of concern and have a potential to identify sources as well as to predict the impact of emission reductions on the load of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Europe. Advantages and limitations of relatively simple Lagrangian models are outlined within the context of issues currently facing the environmental scientific and policy making communities. However, a focus of this study is a comprehensive model system for atmospheric mercury species using a fully three-dimensional Eulerian reference frame and incorporating a state-of-science mercury chemistry scheme, which has been adopted by various scientific institutions for their modelling purposes.
Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM) 2020 Spring Conference (CIEEM 2020), Sheffield, United Kingdom, 4 March 2020 ; Since 2016 Ireland has exceeded it's National Emissions Ceilings Directive limit for ammonia. With government led agricultural expansions (Food Wise 2025) it will be difficult for Ireland not only to meet targets required by the NECD Directive, but also to comply with the EU Habitats Directive to protect against environmental impacts on sensitive sites. ; Environmental Protection Agency
This presentation is the estimates provided by the EPA to the House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Waxman and Energy and Environment Subcommittee Chairman Markey's requests on economic impacts of the comprehensive climate legislation being developed by the committee.
Termination of U.S. government support for the Supersonic Transport, SST, may eventually cost the United States its leadership in aviation and billions of dollars in international trade losses, yet if the world wide SST program is allowed to continue, the costs to mankind as a result of damage to environmental resources could be much higher. The decision to terminate the project was heavily based upon concern for possible changes in the properties of the upper atmosphere as a result of SST operations in that realm, with consequent danger to plant and animal life on the Earth below. Briefly, the concern over atmospheric modification stems from pollution from the SST's and possibly other sources. The SST's must operate within the stratosphere to reduce the danger from sonic booms and to obtain high operating efficiency. Because that region is very stable (little mixing occurs), pollutants from the SST exhausts, will accumulate in the stratosphere and impurities will remain in that region for at least a year and possibly several years. Two very great dangers can be visualized from stratospheric pollutants. First, the temperature of the Earth may be increased or decreased by greater or lesser retention of solar energy- a change either way could change the Earth's ability to support life. Second, and perhaps most important, the ozone within the atmosphere, which now blocks most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays, could be reduced by pollutants thus allowing the rays to penetrate to the Earth's surface causing skin cancer, blindness, and other serious biological effects
In this article, we analyse changes in the circulation of advertisements of policing products at security expos between 1995 and 2013. While the initial aim of the research was to evidence shifts in terrorist frames in the marketing of policing equipment before and after 9/11, our findings instead suggested that what we are seeing is the rise of marketing to police as "vulnerable warriors", law enforcement officers in need of military weapons both for their offensive capabilities and for the protection they can offer to a police force that is always under threat.
Успадкована Україною спотворена структура промисловості, із перевантаженням брудних металургійних, хімічних та гірничорудних підприємств зумовила погіршення стану повітряного середовища. Основними джерелами антропогенного забруднення атмосфери є: виробники енергії, усі промислові об'єкти, сільське господарство, військова промисловість і військові об'єкти, транспорт, гірниче виробництво та ін. Вони забруднюють атмосферу сотнями токсичних речовин, та шкідливими фізичними полями, шумами, вібраціями, теплом тощо. За кількістю промислового забруднення на душу населення Україна посідає одне з перших місць в Європі. Захист атмосферного повітря є однією з найбільш актуальних проблем у сучасному технологічному суспільстві, оскільки науково-технічний прогрес і розширення виробництва пов'язане зі зростанням негативних антропогенних впливів на атмосферу. The hereditary structure of industry, inherited by Ukraine, with the overload of dirty metallurgical, chemical and mining enterprises caused deterioration of the atmospheric environment. The main sources of anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere aіre: energy producers; all industrial objects; agriculture; military industry and military facilities; transport; production. They pollute the atmosphere with hundreds of toxic substances, harmful physical fields, noise, oscillations, heat, and the like. By the number of industrial pollution per capita, Ukraine is one of the first places in Europe. Protection of atmospheric air is one of the most pressing problems in modern technological society, as scientific and technological progress and expansion of production is associated with an increase in negative human-induced impacts on the atmosphere.
This paper presents the results of the examinations of TBC ZrO2MgO / MgZrO3NiCr / NiCr thermal barrier layers deposited by the plasma spray process at the atmospheric pressure on substrates of Al alloys. In order to obtain the structural and mechanical properties of layers, which will provide a good heat and abrasion protection of the tail elevators of aircraft J-22 when firing "Lightning" and "Thunder" rockets, the deposition of three powder types was performed on 0.6 mm thick Al alloy substrates. This study describes a procedure of using triple-layer TBC coatings as a good combination among many available ones, which gives a good compromise between thermal protection and resistance to abrasion for protecting aircraft tail elevators. The study is mainly based on the experimental approach. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of layers was done by the examination of microhardness by method HV0.3 and bond strength on the tensile machine. The structure of layers was examined by the method of light microscopy while the surface of ZrO2MgO ceramic layers was examined by the method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The thermal protection of TBC layers and resistance to abrasion were tested in the tunnel of the Military Technical Institute, Zarkovo. The obtained characteristics of the surface layers and the rocket firing simulations have proven the triple-layer system of TBC coatings reliable.
As part of a global phenomenon, a 30% decrease in average wind speed since 1996 in southern Estonia together with more frequent easterly winds resulted in 47% decrease in bottom shear stress in the large (270 km2), shallow (mean depth 2.8 m), and eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv. Following a peak in eutrophication pressure in the 1970s–80s, the concentrations of total nutrients were declining. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination of a 54-year phytoplankton community composition time-series (1964–2017) revealed three distinct periods with breaking points coinciding with changes in wind and/or water level. Contrary to expectations, we detected no decrease in optically active substances that could be related to wind stilling, whereas phytoplankton biomass showed an increasing trend despite reduced nutrient levels. Here we show how opening of the "light niche," caused by declining amount of suspended sediments, was capitalized and filled by the light-limited phytoplankton community. We suggest that wind stilling is another global factor, complementary to climate warming that counteracts eutrophication mitigation in lakes and may provide a challenge to assessment of the lake ecological status. ; Main financial support for EMU: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Networks, European Joint Doctorates. ; Project name, acronym and grant number: Management of climatic extreme events in lakes and reservoirs for the protection of ecosystem services, MANTEL, grant agreement No 722518. ; Publication date and, if applicable, length of embargo period: Published as Early View on 07.10.2019, no embargo period. ; Main financial support for EMU: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Networks, European Joint Doctorates
This chapter is dedicated to bispectrum-based signal processing in the surveillance radar applications. Detection, recognition, and classification of the targets by surveillance radars have various applications including security, military intelligence, battlefield purposes, boundary protection, as well as weather forecast. One of the particular and effective discriminative features commonly exploited in modern radar automatic target recognition (ATR) systems is the micro-Doppler (m-D) contributions extracted from joint time-frequency (TF) distribution. However, a common drawback of the energy-based strategy lies in the impossibility to retrieve additional particular information related to frequency-coupling and phase-coupling contributions containing in the radar backscattering. Phase coupling contains additional discriminative features related to individual target properties. Bispectrum-based strategy allows retrieving a phase-coupled data containing unique discriminative features related to individual target properties. Bispectrum tends to zero for a stationary zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), providing smoothing of AWGN in TF distributions. Hence, bispectrum-based approach allows improving extraction of robust discriminative features for ATR radar systems.
This paper presents the results of the examinations of TBC - ZrO2MgO / MgZrO3NiCr / NiCr thermal barrier layers deposited by the plasma spray process at the atmospheric pressure on substrates of Al alloys. In order to obtain the structural and mechanical properties of layers, which will provide a good heat and abrasion protection of the tail elevators of aircraft J-22 when firing '.Lightning' and 'Thunder' rockets, the deposition of three powder types was performed on 0.6 mm thick Al alloy substrates. This study describes a procedure of using triple-layer TBC coatings as a good combination among many available ones, which gives a good compromise between thermal protection and resistance to abrasion for protecting aircraft tail elevators. The study is mainly based on the experimental approach. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of layers was done by the examination of microhardness by method HV0.3 and bond strength on the tensile machine. The structure of layers was examined by the method of light microscopy while the surface of ZrO2MgO ceramic layers was examined by the method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The thermal protection of TBC layers and resistance to abrasion were tested in the tunnel of the Military Technical Institute, Zarkovo. The obtained characteristics of the surface layers and the rocket firing simulations have proven the triple-layer system of TBC coatings reliable.