Suchergebnisse

Reports on the many initiatives under the Environmental Protection Agency, including Energy Star, Methane Emissions reduction programs, CO2 emissions reduction programs, etc. Provides economic and emission reduction statistics and other quantifiable measures of achievement.

Air pollution is a severe issue in the United Kingdom. Legal and scientific efforts to combat the deleterious health effects arising from polluted air are wide-ranging but suffer a lack of enforcement. The issue of enforcement is a central theme within this paper; the most stringent or ambitious limits are meaningless without enforcement. Legal responses to specific pollutants and polluting industries are first explored to establish a narrative of the United Kingdom's approach to air quality protection throughout the Industrial Revolution. Legal issues and regulatory methods during the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union are then discussed in juxtaposition to domestic historical approaches, acknowledging the United Kingdom's utilisation of displacement methods and general failures to adhere to European Union law. Beyond 2020, the retention and function of EU-derived and domestic legislation is considered in light of Brexit. The United Kingdom faces – post-Brexit – an opportunity for improvement in its atmospheric quality. However, without the enforcement capabilities of the Court of Justice of the European Union there is a real possibility that atmospheric quality in the United Kingdom will face a severe and dangerous regression – becoming, once again, the "dirty man of Europe".

Chapter 1 Overview of atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China from a global perspective -- Part I Reactive nitrogen emission and deposition in China -- Chapter 2 Anthropogenic emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions in China -- Chapter 3 Monitoring nitrogen deposition in China -- Chapter 4 Modelling nitrogen deposition in China -- Chapter 5 Reactive nitrogen budgets in China -- Part II Contribution of atmospheric reactive nitrogen to China's air pollution -- Chapter 6 Contribution of atmospheric reactive nitrogen to haze pollution in China -- Chapter 7 Contribution of reactive nitrogen to ozone pollution in China -- Chapter 8 Contribution of atmospheric nitrogen to acid deposition in China -- Part III Impacts of nitrogen deposition on China's ecosystems Chapter 9 Impacts of nitrogen deposition on forest ecosystems in China -- Chapter 10 Impact of nitrogen deposition on China's grassland ecosystems -- Chapter 11 Impact of nitrogen deposition on China's desert ecosystems -- Chapter 12 Impact of nitrogen deposition on China's lake ecosystems: Taking Lake Dianchi as an example -- Part IV Reactive N Regulation Chapter 13 Nitrogen regulation in China's agricultural systems -- Chapter 14 National regulation of SO2 and NOX emissions in China

An Advanced Development Program (ADP) to develop and demonstrate effective Atmospheric Electricity Hazards Protection (AEHP) for the fighter, transport/bomber, helicopter and cruise missile classes of air vehicles is being conducted under an Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories (AFWAL) contract with Boeing Military Airplane Company (BMAC). Other Government agencies are also supporting the ADP. The parameters characterizing the lightning threat have been defined for moderate and severe flashes ; e.g., 200 kA peak and 200 kA/microsecond rise rate for the severe threat lightning current. The attachment of lightning flashes to aircraft has resulted in many losses of aircraft in the past. The losses have been caused by both physical damage to the aircraft frame or structure, and electrical effects to aircraft flight critical elements and systems. The losses associated with upset and/or damage may increase with the advent of sensitive integrated circuitry being used in flight critical applications, and the use of composite material in these airframes and structures thereby reducing its electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Protection concepts ; e.g., circuit and system shielding, terminal protection, conducting floors and cable protection ; may be used to prevent damage. A design methodology considering airframe characteristics, and circuit and system characteristics and criticality, which will lead to identification of balanced protection schemes is presented. Incorporation of AEHP is expected to enhance the operational flexibility of air vehicles through increased confidence of all-weather operational integrity. The effectiveness demonstration phase of the AEHP ADP using a modified F-14 airframe with advanced avionic and power systems is described. An ACAP helicopter is also to be used as a testbed. The testbeds will be subjected to low-level continuous wave (CW), moderate-level pulse, and severe-level pulse current injection. This method evaluates the safety margin of the generic protection design.

Due to the threat of a possible global climate change and the greenhouse effect caused by constituents of anthropogenic origin in the atmosphere, air quality has become a major environmental issue. As a consequence, emissions into the atmosphere need to be monitored and controlled. Measurement of Atmospheric Emissions presents technologies for emission control and analysis from industrial and energy plants. The author explains the physical and chemical basis before proceeding to the practical performance. This publication provides the reader with the knowledge necessary to critically analyze and investigate emission measurement techniques. It will be of great interest to researchers and engineers in the fields of environmental technology and air pollution control. It will assist in the choice of the most appropriate instruments for various purposes and circumstances

This book presents select papers from the 7th International Symposium on Advanced Environmental Monitoring. It addresses numerous monitoring topics as well as real world problems such as supporting economic development amid changing environmental conditions.

Air quality in subway systems is of interest not only because particulate matter (PM) concentrations can be high, but also because of the peculiarly metalliferous chemical character of the particles, most of which differ radically from those of outdoor ambient air. We report on the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 samples collected in the Barcelona subway system in different types of stations. The PM chemical composition of these samples showed typically high concentrations of Fe, Total Carbon, Ba, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cr sourced from rail tracks, wheels, catenaries, brake pads and pantographs. Two toxicological indicators of oxidative activity, ascorbic acid (AA) oxidation (expressed as OPAA μg−1 or OPAA m−3) and glutathione (GSH) oxidation (expressed as OPGSH μg−1 or OPGSH m−3), showed low OP for all samples (compared with outdoor air) but considerable variation between stations (0.9–2.4 OPAA μg−1; 0.4–1.9 OPGSH μg−1). Results indicate that subway PM toxicity is not related to variations in PM2.5 concentrations produced by ventilation changes, tunnel works, or station design, but may be affected more by the presence of metallic trace elements such as Cu and Sb sourced from brakes and pantographs. The OP assays employed do not reveal toxic effects from the highly ferruginous component present in subway dust. © 2016 The Authors ; This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds (METRO CGL2012-33066 ), the I MPROVE LIFE Project ( LIFE13 ENV/ES/000263 ) and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme ( FP7/2007-2013 ) under grant agreement no. 315760 HEXACOMM. Support is also acknowledged to Generalitat de Catalunya 2014 SGR33 . Fulvio Amato is beneficiary of an AXA Research Fund postdoctoral grant . In the UK the research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health or Public Health England. Special thanks to Wes Gibbons for improving an early draft of the manuscript. Appendix A ; Peer reviewed

Arguing that atmospheric pollution is a worldwide problem & that its solution requires global policy decisions, areas of potential international collaboration on this issue are explored. Barriers to cooperation are identified, most predominantly the anarchic state system. Different countries have dissimilar problems with & solutions to environmental issues. The environmental revolutionism of the 1970s is assessed, along with the effect of five multilateral emission reduction agreements signed during the era. It is concluded that there were three major developments that contributed toward the birth of atmospheric pollution controls: ecological interdependence, technological developments, & increased public influence on governmental policymakers. 30 References. Adapted from the source document.

There is ever increasing concern about both the ozone depletion in the stratosphere and the increase in the ozone concentration in the troposphere. As a consequence, there is growing interest in total ozone surface and satellite observations, surface UV measurements and the interpretation of results to assess potential impacts of UV radiation enhancement on man and the biosphere. The volume analyses problems of total ozone and UV-B variability. Further, it treats tropospheric ozone changes as well as the responsible factors, such as air pollution, chemical and photochemical reactions coupled with air transport. Some key problems of numerical modelling are also discussed. Another subject is the development of remote sensing techniques to retrieve minor optically active components of the atmosphere