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The impact of state regulations on changes in state air quality was examined through analysis of data from the Environmental Protection Agency for the mid-1970s to the late 1980s. States with stronger regulatory programs were found to experience greater reductions in atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide & sulfer dioxide: a 1-point increase in the strength of a state's pollution control programs was associated with a 6.2% reduction in sulfur dioxide concentrations & a 5.8% reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations. Regulatory impacts on air quality exceed those of nonregulatory factors. The overall effectiveness of regulatory action & state responsibility for pollution control is discussed. 2 Tables, 3 Figures, 59 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes the basic ecological-economic indicators of oil and gas companies, in particular the various volumes of oil, the number of spills per year of CO2 emissions, the costs of environmental protection. In the process of exploration, development and exploitation of oil and gas fields, production, refining, transportation and storage companies have a negative impact on the environment. Occur accidents involving oil spills, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment. As a result contaminates water resources, soil and atmosphere, animals dying, birds and fish, but also transformed the structure of the subsurface and changes the landscape, reduced strategic reserves of fuel and energy resources are formed objects of accumulated environmental damage. The need for construction of environmental protection facilities; the protection, rational use and rehabilitation of lands; protection of water resources and atmospheric air; monitoring the environment and industrial facilities; the prevention and elimination of consequences of accidents on pipelines; disposal and recycling of waste; environmental education; conducting scientific research requires oil and gas companies to undertake large expenditures. A positive trend of modern development of oil and gas companies is the introduction of mechanisms for environmental management in practice their activities, which leads to a gradual reduction of the negative impact of their activities on the environment.

1Environment — Marine environment — Alleged radioactive contamination arising from French underground nuclear weapons tests in South Pacific — Request to International Court of Justice by New Zealand to resume proceedings begun in 1973 challenging legality of France's nuclear tests — Court's ruling in 1974 that object of dispute had disappeared because of France's undertaking in 1974 to cease atmospheric tests — Assumption in 1974 that no risk of contamination from underground testing — Whether earlier proceedings and judgment limited to atmospheric nuclear testing or concerning all radioactive contamination caused by whatever means of testing — Developments in scientific knowledge and international environmental law since 1974 — Precautionary principle — Environmental impact assessment — Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region, 1986 — Whether relevant considerations for Court in determining whether New Zealand has established continuity of proceedingsInternational Court of Justice — Procedure — Application by State to reopen earlier proceedings — Paragraph 63 of 1974 Judgment in Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case — Paragraph 63 permitting New Zealand to request examination of situation if "basis"of 1974 Judgment "affected" — Conduct of underground nuclear weapons tests by France — Whether procedure for access to the Court independent from Articles 60 and 61 of Statute of the Court — Whether within Court's inherent power to regulate own procedure — Whether basis of 1974 Judgment affected or limited to atmospheric testing — Standard of proof applicable — Request for indication of provisional measuresInternational Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Terminated jurisdiction — Application by New Zealand to resume proceedings in Nuclear Tests Case commenced against France in 1973 — Provision in Court's Judgment of 1974 permitting return to Court where "basis"of Judgment "affected" — Denunciation by France of General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes following commencement of proceedings in 1973 — Scope of Court's jurisdiction — Whether Court's examination of application limited to scope of earlier proceedings and dispute

This report describes the activities of DOD military and civilian personnel in Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, the second series of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Proving Ground from 22 October through 29 November 1951. The BUSTER-JANGLE series consisted of seven events. DOD personnel participated in Excerises Desert Rock I, II, III and in scientific projects conducted by the test units. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were established and implemented during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE to minimize participants' exposure to ionizing radiation ; United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests, Nuclear Test Personnel Review." ; "JRB Associates"--Report documentation page ; Cover title ; Includes bibliographical references (pages 155-169) ; Bibliography. pp. 153 ; Chapter 6. Dosimetry for Department of Defense personnel at Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. pp. 129 ; Chapter 5. Radiation protection at Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. pp. 115 ; Chapter 4. Department of Defense participation in test organization programs at Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. pp. 59 ; Chapter 3. Exercise Desert Rock programs at Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. pp. 46 ; Chapter 2. Functions of the administrative organizations during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. pp. 29 ; Chapter 1. Introduction. pp. 19 ; List of abbreviations and acronyms. pp. 18 ; List of tables. pp. 16 ; List of illustrations. pp. 15 ; Preface. pp. 9 ; Fact sheet. pp. 1 ; This report describes the activities of DOD military and civilian personnel in Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, the second series of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Proving Ground from 22 October through 29 November 1951. The BUSTER-JANGLE series consisted of seven events. DOD personnel participated in Excerises Desert Rock I, II, III and in scientific projects conducted by the test units. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were established and implemented during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE to minimize participants' exposure to ionizing radiation ; Mode of access: Internet.

The evolutions recorded in Romania, during last decade, characterized by social, political and economic changes, mainly influenced by becoming full member of European Union, impose special attention on environmentquality. Presently, the Romanian inventory of main atmospheric pollutants is performed at regional level, andcorroboration of gathered data is the role of National Agencies of Environmental Protection, which delivers annualreports. Based on a ten years period, 2003 - 2012, the article emphasizes a picture of the sulphur dioxide (SO2),nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) pollution evolutionsin Romania. The results show the downloading tendency of above mentioned pollutants emissions, which, is result ofadopting and transposing EU regulations but, unfortunately also, result of industrial activity reducing.

The study aims to examine the major atmospheric air pollutants such as NO2, CO, O3, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 to assess the overall air quality using air quality zonal modeling of 15 major cities of China before and after the COVID-19 pandemic period. The spatio-temporal changes in NO2 and other atmospheric pollutants exhibited enormous reduction due to the imposition of a nationwide lockdown. The present study used a 10-day as well as 60-day tropospheric column time-average map of NO2 with spatial resolution 0.25 × 0.25° obtained from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA. The air quality zonal model was employed to assess the total NO2 load and its change during the pandemic period for each specific region. Ground surface monitoring data for CO, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 including Air Quality Index (AQI) were collected from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC). The results from both datasets demonstrated that NO2 has drastically dropped in all the major cities across China. The concentration of CO, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 demonstrated a decreasing trend whereas the concentration of O3 increased substantially in all cities after the lockdown effect as observed from real-time monitoring data. Because of the complete shutdown of all industrial activities and vehicular movements, the atmosphere experienced a lower concentration of major pollutants that improves the overall air quality. The regulation of anthropogenic activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic has not only contained the spread of the virus but also facilitated the improvement of the overall air quality. Guangzhou (43%), Harbin (42%), Jinan (33%), and Chengdu (32%) have experienced maximum air quality improving rates, whereas Anshan (7%), Lanzhou (17%), and Xian (25%) exhibited less improved AQI among 15 cities of China during the study period. The government needs to establish an environmental policy framework involving central, provincial, and local governments with stringent laws for environmental protection.

Environmental pollution control is one of the most important goals in pollution risk assessment today. The aim of this study is to conduct a retrospective view of the evolution of matter particulate (PM10) and the heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) at different localities (Alcora, Castellón and Onda) in the Spanish cluster ceramic in a period between January 2007 and December 2011. The study area is in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the framework of European Union Pollution control. Approximately 80% of European ceramic tiles and ceramic frits manufacturers are concentrated in two areas, forming the so-called "ceramic clusters"; one is in Modena (Italy) and the other in Castellón (Spain). In these kind of areas, there are a lot of pollutants from this industry that represent an important contribution to soil contamination so it is necessary to control their air quality. In these areas atmospheric particles are deposited in the ground through both dry and wet deposition. Soil is a major sink for heavy metals released into the environment. For this purpose the levels of PM10 in ambient air and the corresponding annual and seasonal trend were calculated. The results of the study show that the PM10 and heavy metal concentrations are below the limit values recommended by European Union Legislation for the protection of human health and ecosystems in the study period. There is an important reduction of them from 2009 in all control stations due to economic crisis and subsequent decrease of industrial activity. The atmospheric seasonal tendency of pollutant concentrations is marked by the rate of industrial activity and additionally by the temperature. Complementarily, a comparative study of heavy metal levels in soils was performed in this area. Soils with low pollution by Ni and Pb were detected, while different pollution by Cd was found depending on the sampling site. Although there is an evident reduction of PM10 and heavy metal levels, the results show that these polluta

Concern over stratospheric ozone depletion has prompted several government agencies in North America to establish networks of spectroradiometers for monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance at the surface of the Earth. To assess the ability of spectroradiometers to accurately measure solar ultraviolet irradiance, and to compare the results between instruments of different monitoring networks, the second North American Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers was held June 12 to 23, 1995 at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado, USA. This Intercomparison was coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Participating agencies were the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; the Department of Agriculture; and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. Instruments were characterized for wavelength uncertainty, bandwidth, stray-light rejection, and spectral irradiance responsivity, the latter with a NIST standard lamp operating in a specially designed field calibration unit. The spectral irradiance responsivity, determined once indoors and twice outdoors, demonstrated that while the responsivities changed upon moving the instruments, they were relatively stable when the instruments remained outdoors. Synchronized spectral scans of the solar irradiance were performed over several days. Using the spectral irradiance responsivities determined with the NIST standard lamp and three different convolution functions to account for the different bandwidths of the instruments, the measured solar irradiances generally agreed to within 3 %.

The environment contains an abundance of man-made and natural radionuclides, as well as polluting heavy metals. Their accumulation and the inevitable adverse impact on human health is a matter for serious international concern. Such modern environmental problems are reviewed in an integrated fashion here. The book's highlights are: The accumulation of actinide nuclei in the human body. New data on Pu and Am in some of the most seriously damaged regions of Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Fundamental and applied aspects of heavy metal waste deposits. Advances in analytical techniques (NAA, XRF, ICP-MS, AAS, PIXE, HPLC). The use of mosses and lichens to study heavy metal atmospheric deposition. Research on toxicology, food and nutrition, speciation and scalp hair as a biological indicator. New model of the Earth's crust allowing the reconstruction of the real origin of seismic catastrophes. A real possibility to predict earthquake or volcanic activity by studying radon gas, gamma and neutron activity in combination with hydrogen and helium isotope flow and complemented by satellite data on the state of the ionosphere. Recent data on accelerator driven transmutation experiments (protons accelerated as JINR Synchrophasotron and 660 MeV Phasotron) with Pb blocks and 3000 kg natural uranium targets

Anthropogenic influences to the earth's system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere and lithosphere, represent a serious challenge to our planet's ecosystems and natural environments. Bioclimatology, hydrology, bio-hydrology and eco-physiology are important scientific research areas with wide application to environmental protection, forestry, agriculture and water management, and protection against natural hazards including droughts, floods, windstorms, weather extremes, and wild fires. Bioclimatology helps to better understand the causes and impacts of natural hazards and how to prevent them. Improved knowledge of natural hazards is a vital prerequisite for the implementation of integrated resource management. It provides a useful framework for combating current climate variability and for adapting to ongoing climate change. This book presents research on the interactions between meteorological, climatological, hydrological and biological processes in the atmospheric and terrestrial environment. It highlights a spectrum of topics associated with climate change and weather extremes and their impact on different economic sectors. The contributing authors come from renowned scientific research institutions and universities and specialise in issues of climate change, soil-plant-atmosphere interactions, hydrologic cycle, ecosystems, biosphere, and natural hazards.

"Climate change is far more than just global warming due to atmospheric greenhouse gases including CO2. The availability of climate-related data and computer modelling is a key factor in observing and analyzing climate change today. In order to understand the nature of climate change it is necessary to consider the whole climatic system, its complexity, and the ways in which natural and anthropogenic activities act and influence that system and the environment. Using a combination of ground data, satellite data, and human impacts, this second edition discusses the state of climate research today, at a global scale, and establishes a background for future discussions on climate change"--

Deutschland hat umfangreiche internationale Verpflichtungen zur Emissionsminderung für Treibhausgase und Luftschadstoffe übernommen. Hierzu gehören insbesondere im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen die Konventionen zur Vermeidung und Verminderung weitreichender grenzüberschreitender Luftverunreinigungen (UNECE CLRTAP mit seinen acht Protokollen), die Klimarahmenkonvention (UNFCCC) und das Kyoto-Protokoll, im europäischen Kontext die Richtlinien zur Einhaltung nationaler Emissionsobergrenzen (NEC) sowie der europäische Beobachtungsmechanismus für Treibhausgasemissionen und die Umsetzung des Kyoto-Protokolls. Zur Erfolgskontrolle dieser Verpflichtungen sind jährlich detaillierte Inventare nationaler Emissionen zu berechnen und international zu berichten. Weitere Verpflichtungen bestehen zur Berichterstattung von anlagenbezogene Emissionsdaten, wie z. B. das europäische Schadstoffregister PRTR. Die Zielstellungen der internationalen Regelungen bestehen in der: * Vermeidung bzw. Verminderung der Effekte der Klimaänderung * Gewährleistung des Schutzes der Ozonschicht * Vermeidung von Versauerung und Eutrophierung in Ökosystemen * Bekämpfung der Entstehung von bodennahem Ozon * Reduzierung der Feinstaubbelastungen * Einhaltung von Luftqualitätsstandards * Vermeidung gefährlicher (toxischer) Luftbelastungen * Information der Öffentlichkeit über den Umweltzustand . ; In Europe, gaseous and particulate emissions from agriculture have been subject to both national and international regulations, as they adversely affect *the energy dynamics of the atmosphere (physical climate), *the formation of tropospheric and the destruction of stratospheric ozone, *the amount of formation of secondary aerosols, *terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to atmospheric inputs of acidity and nutrients (acidification and eutrophication), *human health and welfare *and reduce atmospheric visibility. These internation regulations (protocols etc.) are the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC5), the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP6), and within the European Union the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive7). The forementioned conventions require annual calculations of the emissions of the respective gases and air pollutants. The results have to be documented in an emission inventory and to be reported to the organisations in charge. The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) is responsible for the entire German emission reporting. However, the sector "Agriculture" is dealt with under the aegis of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). BMELV has charged the Institute for Climate-Smart Agriculture (AK) (the former Institute of Agricultural Climate Research) of the Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (TI) with the establishment of the annual agricultural emission inventory where only emissions from agricultural animal husbandry and from managed agricultural soils are regarded as agricultural emissions.

The paper draws on the reflections of `Dieselgate`on two important instruments of the environmental regulation - emission standards and taxes from passenger cars. Although the scandal broke out in the USA, it negatively affected the EU automotive industry and its customers. `Dieselgate` compromised also the regulatory framework for environmental protection in the EU-28. Furthermore, the national governments are still missing a large amount of ecologically oriented taxes from motor vehicles due to the widening gap between real and official greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars. Bulgaria is also negatively affected by `Dieselgate` through the massive imports of cheap diesel cars and their atmospheric pollution. The paper also discusses the obsolete taxes on registration and ownership of passenger cars in this country. It concludes that social and ecological justice are not substitutive, but rather complementary goods in Bulgaria.

The study deals with the International Court of Justice's position about the atmospheric nuclear tests performed by the French State, in the South Pacific, involving controversies with Australia. The general objective is to verify if the International Environmental Law was favorable or not, to the point of measuring the French State responsibility. The research has qualitative features, being based in the study of cases and theoretic revision. The methodology used consists in explicative analyzes, deductive method of approach and topical procedure about the object of study by bibliographic and jurisprudential research. The analysis of the leading cases shows that the mechanisms of international environmental protection used by the requesters contributed to the good term of the process at the ICJ, however, the sentence handed down did not bring a successful result to the international environment.

Implementation of policies aimed at reducing atmospheric emissions has drawn attention to the need to integrate policies aimed at protection of the environment into other policy areas such as energy. In this paper we are concerned with the interaction of environmental policies aimed at reducing pollution, and economic policies aimed at reducing market power, in the electricity generation industry. While our analysis focuses on the post privatisation experiences in England and Wales, the analysis is intended to be of a wider applicability. In a theoretical model we find that there are welfare gains to be made from a move from the current non-cooperative regulatory regime to co-operative regulation between the environmental and economic regulators - a result that holds for the alternative environmental policies of a technology standard and an emissions tax.