Suchergebnisse

Development Economics, Atmospheric Protection / Air Quality Control / Air Pollution, Urban Studies/Sociology, Social Choice/Welfare Economics/Public Choice, Group Theory and Generalizations, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

Termination of U.S. government support for the Supersonic Transport, SST, may eventually cost the United States its leadership in aviation and billions of dollars in international trade losses, yet if the world wide SST program is allowed to continue, the costs to mankind as a result of damage to environmental resources could be much higher. The decision to terminate the project was heavily based upon concern for possible changes in the properties of the upper atmosphere as a result of SST operations in that realm, with consequent danger to plant and animal life on the Earth below. Briefly, the concern over atmospheric modification stems from pollution from the SST's and possibly other sources. The SST's must operate within the stratosphere to reduce the danger from sonic booms and to obtain high operating efficiency. Because that region is very stable (little mixing occurs), pollutants from the SST exhausts, will accumulate in the stratosphere and impurities will remain in that region for at least a year and possibly several years. Two very great dangers can be visualized from stratospheric pollutants. First, the temperature of the Earth may be increased or decreased by greater or lesser retention of solar energy- a change either way could change the Earth's ability to support life. Second, and perhaps most important, the ozone within the atmosphere, which now blocks most of the Sun's ultraviolet rays, could be reduced by pollutants thus allowing the rays to penetrate to the Earth's surface causing skin cancer, blindness, and other serious biological effects

It is now possible to determine concentrations of trace constituents and pollutants in the lower atmosphere from space, a development which heralds a new era for tropospheric chemistry. The authors describe how to develop and validate methods for determining tropospheric trace constituents from satellite data, to encourage the use of these data by atmospheric chemists, and to explore the undoubted synergism which will develop between satellite and ground-based measurements, and will eventually give rise to a permanent observation system for the troposphere. The book comprises several comprehensive overviews, prepared by acknowledged experts in the field, together with a series of individual reports from investigators whose work represents the cutting edge of the subject. A variety of results, giving global distributions of several species and their modelling are reported. Most results stem from ESA satellite data, but there is also a account of the North American work in this field which has mainly concentrated on global distributions of ozone. It is fair to say that the field, as it develops, will revolutionize the way in which atmospheric chemistry is done. This timely book provides a good introduction for anyone with an interest in the future of the troposphere

Written by internationally recognized experts in atmospheric research, this book focuses on the state of the art in topical environmental issues such as global change, forest decline, ozone depletion and acid rain. Our present knowledge of forest damage is summarized as an example of atmospheric impact on nature. Paul Crutzen, winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry, tackles the question of how the changing chemical composition of the atmosphere influences global chemistry and climate. The future environmental impact of traffic is described from the point of view of the motor industry. These and other contributions illustrate the interaction which exists between atmosphere, technology and nature

Preface -- Scientific Committee -- History of ITM -- List of Participants -- Part I: Regional and Intercontinental Modelling -- Part II: Local and Urban Scale Modeling -- Part III: Emission Modeling and Processing -- Part IV: Data Assimilation and Air Quality Forecasting -- Part V: Model Assessment and Verification -- Part VI: Aerosols in the Atmosphere -- Part VII: Modeling Air Pollution in a Changing Climate -- Part VIII: Air Quality Effects on Human Health and Ecology -- Part IX: Special Sessions

Oxidation and removal of atmospheric constituents involve complex sequences of reactions which can lead to the production of photo-oxidants such as ozone. In order to understand and model these complex reaction sequences, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms and accurate estimates of kinetic parameters for relevant gas-phase atmospheric reactions. This book presents recent advances in the field and includes the following topics: the oxidation of simple organic compounds, NOx kinetics and mechanisms, OH radical production and rate constants for the OH attack on more complex organic compounds, peroxy and alkoxy radical reactions, photo-oxidation of aromatic and biogenic compounds, the interaction between radical species, the nitrate radical and its role in night-time reactions as well as the sources and sinks of HOx and RO2. This book is volume 3 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere

AbstractThe definition of sustainable development is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Components of sustainable development include economic profitability, environmental quality, and community well‐being. For federal agencies, sustainable development is critical to their mission. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has always embraced a linkage between economic and environmental goals. However, integration of these elements into its internal operations is a new concept.This article provides a general discussion of sustainable development principles and approaches to incorporating these principles internally, and specific sustainable development initiatives at NOAA. To meet the demands of NOAA's mission requirements—including sustainable development—and the many environmentally related Presidential Executive Orders, NOAA is developing an environmental, health, and safety management information system (MIS). One element of the MIS, the chemical inventory management system, used to track laboratory chemicals to ensure the safety of employees and protection of the environment, is described in more detail. Additional modules on elements such as Asbestos and Underground Storage Tanks are planned.