Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1: Threats and conservation strategies for overlooked organisms: the case of epiphytic lichens -- Chapter 2: Biodiversity and Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants -- Chapter 3: Tree ferns and giant ferns in India: Significance and Conservation -- Chapter 4: Status of medicinal plants in context of Arunachal Pradesh, India -- Chapter 5: Nutrient Enrichment in Lake Ecosystem and its Effects on Algae and Macrophytes -- Chapter 6: Land-use change as a disturbance regime -- Chapter 7: Floristic diversity, distribution and conservation status in the vicinity of coal mines of Kachchh district in Gujarat, India -- Chapter 8: Sodic Soil: Management and reclamation Strategies -- Chapter 9: Microbe based inoculants: role in next green revolution -- Chapter 10: Environmental Significance of Lichens and Biodeterioration -- Chapter 11: Soil reclamation of saline and sodic soil through phytoremediation -- Chapter 12: Soil pollution by Fluoride in India: Distribution, Chemistry and analytical methods -- Chapter 13: Multielement analysis using ED-XRF and ICP-MS from Couroupita guianensis for sustainable agriculture by soil reclamation -- Chapter 14: Waste Management: A Paradigm Shift -- Chapter 15: Recycling of agriculture waste into efficient adsorbent -- Chapter 16: Environmental hazards and management of e-waste -- Chapter 17: Green House Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management Practice -- Chapter 18: Introduction to fast fashion: Environmental Concerns and Sustainability Measurements

This paper presents the results of the examinations of TBC ZrO2MgO / MgZrO3NiCr / NiCr thermal barrier layers deposited by the plasma spray process at the atmospheric pressure on substrates of Al alloys. In order to obtain the structural and mechanical properties of layers, which will provide a good heat and abrasion protection of the tail elevators of aircraft J-22 when firing "Lightning" and "Thunder" rockets, the deposition of three powder types was performed on 0.6 mm thick Al alloy substrates. This study describes a procedure of using triple-layer TBC coatings as a good combination among many available ones, which gives a good compromise between thermal protection and resistance to abrasion for protecting aircraft tail elevators. The study is mainly based on the experimental approach. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of layers was done by the examination of microhardness by method HV0.3 and bond strength on the tensile machine. The structure of layers was examined by the method of light microscopy while the surface of ZrO2MgO ceramic layers was examined by the method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The thermal protection of TBC layers and resistance to abrasion were tested in the tunnel of the Military Technical Institute, Zarkovo. The obtained characteristics of the surface layers and the rocket firing simulations have proven the triple-layer system of TBC coatings reliable.

In this article, we analyse changes in the circulation of advertisements of policing products at security expos between 1995 and 2013. While the initial aim of the research was to evidence shifts in terrorist frames in the marketing of policing equipment before and after 9/11, our findings instead suggested that what we are seeing is the rise of marketing to police as "vulnerable warriors", law enforcement officers in need of military weapons both for their offensive capabilities and for the protection they can offer to a police force that is always under threat.

Introducing Urban Health and Wellbeing -- Urban environment of Delhi and Mumbai -- Changing Urban Environment in Megacities: Delhi and Mumbai -- Urban micro climates: Delhi and Mumbai -- Urban Health Risk Analysis: Delhi and Mumbai -- Policy initiatives and other mechanisms

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the different dynamic patterns involved in the redistribution of mercury in the global environment, and its impact on human health and ecosystems. Increasing mercury usage and the lack of emission control policy, especially in fast developing countries, represent a complex environmental and political issue that can only benefit from more accurate measurement.

As part of a global phenomenon, a 30% decrease in average wind speed since 1996 in southern Estonia together with more frequent easterly winds resulted in 47% decrease in bottom shear stress in the large (270 km2), shallow (mean depth 2.8 m), and eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv. Following a peak in eutrophication pressure in the 1970s–80s, the concentrations of total nutrients were declining. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination of a 54-year phytoplankton community composition time-series (1964–2017) revealed three distinct periods with breaking points coinciding with changes in wind and/or water level. Contrary to expectations, we detected no decrease in optically active substances that could be related to wind stilling, whereas phytoplankton biomass showed an increasing trend despite reduced nutrient levels. Here we show how opening of the "light niche," caused by declining amount of suspended sediments, was capitalized and filled by the light-limited phytoplankton community. We suggest that wind stilling is another global factor, complementary to climate warming that counteracts eutrophication mitigation in lakes and may provide a challenge to assessment of the lake ecological status. ; Main financial support for EMU: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Networks, European Joint Doctorates. ; Project name, acronym and grant number: Management of climatic extreme events in lakes and reservoirs for the protection of ecosystem services, MANTEL, grant agreement No 722518. ; Publication date and, if applicable, length of embargo period: Published as Early View on 07.10.2019, no embargo period. ; Main financial support for EMU: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Networks, European Joint Doctorates

Development of efficient plant protection methods against bacterial phytopathogens subjected to compulsory control procedures under international legislation is of the highest concern having in mind expensiveness of enforced quarantine measures and threat of the infection spread in disease-free regions. In this study, fructose-stabilized silver nanoparticles (FRU-AgNPs) were produced using direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD) generated between the surface of a flowing liquid anode (FLA) solution and a pin-type tungsten cathode in a continuous flow reaction-discharge system. Resultant spherical and stable in time FRU-AgNPs exhibited average sizes of 14.9 ± ; 7.9 nm and 15.7 ± ; 2.0 nm, as assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that the obtained nanomaterial was composed of Ag while selected area electron diffraction (SAED) indicated that FRU-AgNPs had the face-centered cubic crystalline structure. The fabricated FRU-AgNPs show antibacterial properties against Erwinia amylovora, Clavibacter michiganensis, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Dickeya solani strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.64 to 13.1 mg L&minus ; 1 and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 3.29 to 26.3 mg L&minus ; 1. Application of FRU-AgNPs might increase the repertoire of available control procedures against most devastating phytopathogens and as a result successfully limit their agricultural impact.

It is estimated that of the four million chemical compounds which have been synthesized or isolated from natural materials, more than 55,000 are produced commercially. Approximately 1,000 new compounds are introduced annually; pesticide formulations alone contain about 1,500 active chemical ingredients. Diagnostic x-rays are used extensively in medicine and dentistry. Over 2,000 chemicals are suspected carcinogens in laboratory animals--epidemiologic evidence suggests that 26 of these chemicals and/or industrial processes are carcinogenic in humans. More than 20 agents are known to be associated with birth defects in humans; 47 atmospheric contaminants have been identified in animal studies as recognized carcinogens and 128 as mutagens; and, of the 765 contaminants identified in drinking water, 12 were recognized carcinogens, 31 suspected carcinogens, and 59 mutagens. Radiation has known carcinogenic and genetic effects at significant levels of exposure. Problems with toxic agents and radiation sources occur not only in industry, but also in medical and dental care (x-rays and drugs), agriculture (pesticides and herbicides), Government activities (biological and chemical agents), consumer products (incorrect use of consumer products which contain toxic substances), and natural sources (fungal products).

This paper presents the results of the examinations of TBC - ZrO2MgO / MgZrO3NiCr / NiCr thermal barrier layers deposited by the plasma spray process at the atmospheric pressure on substrates of Al alloys. In order to obtain the structural and mechanical properties of layers, which will provide a good heat and abrasion protection of the tail elevators of aircraft J-22 when firing '.Lightning' and 'Thunder' rockets, the deposition of three powder types was performed on 0.6 mm thick Al alloy substrates. This study describes a procedure of using triple-layer TBC coatings as a good combination among many available ones, which gives a good compromise between thermal protection and resistance to abrasion for protecting aircraft tail elevators. The study is mainly based on the experimental approach. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of layers was done by the examination of microhardness by method HV0.3 and bond strength on the tensile machine. The structure of layers was examined by the method of light microscopy while the surface of ZrO2MgO ceramic layers was examined by the method of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The thermal protection of TBC layers and resistance to abrasion were tested in the tunnel of the Military Technical Institute, Zarkovo. The obtained characteristics of the surface layers and the rocket firing simulations have proven the triple-layer system of TBC coatings reliable.

AbstractBackgroundThe critical values for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health and ecosystem's integrity in Germany, especially the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG in Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge (Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz-BImSchG), 1974/2020) with its implementing ordinances (especially the 39th BImSchV in Neununddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes Verordnung über Luftqualitätsstandards und Emissionshöchstmengen vom 2. August 2010, zuletzt geändert durch Art. 2 V v. 18.7.2018 I 1222, 2010, 2018), the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV in Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) (GBBl. I S. 1554 vom 12. Juli 1999, zuletzt durch Artikel 3 Absatz 4 der Verordnung vom 27. September 2017 (BGBl. I S. 3465) ge-ändert, 1999/2015) and the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (Luft in Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes–Immissionsschutzgesetz (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft – TA Luft), 2002), were analysed, assessed with regard to the possibilities and applicability of the risk assessment, and were prepared for evaluation in comparison to the respective atmospheric deposition modelled with the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS. For a comparison of the critical values, the critical loads for cadmium, lead and mercury inputs were updated for Germany on a scale of 1:1 Mio, and critical loads for additional heavy metals (arsenic, copper, zinc, chromium and nickel) were computed, respectively. Due to the methodological differences of their derivation, the critical values of the individual regulations are only conditionally comparable to one another and to the critical loads. Sometimes major differences exist due to different levels of protection, various protective goods and the effect relationship. Only with the critical load calculations, inputs and outputs can be balanced.ResultsFor two unregulated metals (thallium and vanadium) a preliminary rough estimate of the risk of inputs in the receptors was provided as a calculated balance for in- and acceptable outputs. The uncertainty analysis shows, that the highest deviations occurred in the metal contents in plants used to calculate the output through the harvesting of the biomass. The critical load calculation has the highest sensitivity to changes in the pH value. The critical loads for heavy metal fluxes for protecting the human health (CL(M)drink) and ecosystem's integrity CL(M)eco) for arsenic, nickel, zinc and chromium were not exceeded in Germany for 2009–2011. CL(M)drinkand CL(M)ecoare exceeded by Hg and Pb inputs, especially in the low rainfall regions of Germany (Brandenburg, lowlands of Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig Bay, Ruhr valley) with wood vegetation; in addition CL(Cu)ecois exceeded by copper deposition 2010 in the area surrounding Berlin and in the Ruhr valley. The critical loads for cadmium for the protection of drinking water CL(Cd)drinkand for the protection of human food from wheat products CL(Cd)foodare not exceeded in the German data set due to atmospheric deposition in 2010, but in the worst-case scenario the maximum atmospheric deposition in 2010 could exceeded the lowest CL(Cd)drinkand CL(Cd)food.ConclusionsThat assessment of risks was based on deposition from the atmosphere, which represents only a fraction of the inputs compared to the inputs from the use of fertilisers and other sources. This study suggests the conclusive recommendation to methodically deepen and broaden the assessment and evaluation of atmospheric deposition. This is especially true for the spatial validation and specification of exposure for ecosystem types.

This chapter is dedicated to bispectrum-based signal processing in the surveillance radar applications. Detection, recognition, and classification of the targets by surveillance radars have various applications including security, military intelligence, battlefield purposes, boundary protection, as well as weather forecast. One of the particular and effective discriminative features commonly exploited in modern radar automatic target recognition (ATR) systems is the micro-Doppler (m-D) contributions extracted from joint time-frequency (TF) distribution. However, a common drawback of the energy-based strategy lies in the impossibility to retrieve additional particular information related to frequency-coupling and phase-coupling contributions containing in the radar backscattering. Phase coupling contains additional discriminative features related to individual target properties. Bispectrum-based strategy allows retrieving a phase-coupled data containing unique discriminative features related to individual target properties. Bispectrum tends to zero for a stationary zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), providing smoothing of AWGN in TF distributions. Hence, bispectrum-based approach allows improving extraction of robust discriminative features for ATR radar systems.

Nowadays environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources have become priorities of the state-building strategy in almost all developed countries of the world. Effective financing of these activities is required for the development and adoption of national targeted, local programs for environmental protection, for the sustainable development of society, for the rational use and reproduction of natural resources. The article is devoted to the research of the current tendencies of the use of fiscal policy measures in the implementation of the national environmental policy in the sphere of atmospheric air protection in Ukraine. The ways of improvement of environmental taxation and development of the main ways of development and expansion of the system of ecological taxation and ecological governance in Ukraine were discovered. Keywords: atmospheric air, environmental air safety, fiscal policy, environmental taxation, implementation of the national environmental policy,