This article examines noise as composing an atmospheric that is at once sensed and made sensible. Itself atmospheric, environmental noise amplifies ways of thinking and sensing the atmospheric: as a logics of indeterminacy, as a physicality of the ephemeral, and as an entanglement of air-body-matter. Drawing principally on material related to the politics of noise around Los Angeles International Airport from the 1960s to the present, this article takes up three episodes in which figurations of the atmospheric have been shaped by and cohere in and through noise. At the dawn of the jet age, civic mobilizations against airport noise revealed jurisdictional gaps between airspace and ground; noise, in providing the basis for airspace territory and property, produces the atmospheric as space. By the end of the 1960s the category of noise pollution was established as a legal and social norm. In this context annoyance—noise pollution's unstable ground—serves as an affective and corporeal register of the permeability of bodies and buildings, a crucial dimension of the atmospheric. And lastly, edge spaces of infrastructure reflect the interplay between sounds from the sky and sensation, an indefinite urbanism. John Divola's photo series Los Angeles International Airport Noise Abatement Zone (LAX NAZ) of homes in the flight path slated for demolition visualize the atmospheric quality of this process.
AbstractIn Mumbai the sonic dimensions of place-making and religious life are deeply connected to the right to the city. For Twelver Shi'i Muslims, who are marginal to both the city and the nation, public religious rituals and processions have long played very important roles in staging claims to the city. Investigating the sonic aspects of urban place-making, including its religious dimensions, this essay draws on an analytic of atmospheres in order to capture the powerful emotive dimensions of place-making through sonic performances. Through its coupling with the felt-body, the sonic plays a privileged role in giving urban locales a specific feel as belonging to particular groups, investing this feel with an air of facticity that is largely immune to discursive critique. This article focuses on ritual performances and processions among Twelver Shi'i Muslims during the Islamic month of Muharram in order to analyze nondiscursive and atmospheric forms of citizenship.
I. Review of Basic Concepts and Systems of Units -- 1.1. Systems -- 1.2. Properties -- 1.3. Composition and State of a System -- 1.4. Equilibrium -- 1.5. Temperature. Temperature Scales -- 1.6. Systems of Units -- 1.7. Work of Expansion -- 1.8. Modifications and Processes. Reversibility -- 1.9. State Variables and State Functions. Equation of State -- 1.10. Equation of State for Gases -- 1.11. Mixture of Ideal Gases -- 1.12. Atmospheric Air Composition -- Problems -- II. The First Principle of Thermodynamics -- 2.1. Internal Energy -- 2.2. Heat -- 2.3. The First Principle. Enthalpy -- 2.4. Expressions of Q. Heat Capacities -- 2.5. Calculation of Internal Energy and Enthalpy -- 2.6. Latent Heats of Pure Substances. Kirchhoff's Equation -- 2.7. Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases. Potential Temperature -- 2.8. Polytropic Processes -- Problems -- III. The Second Principle of Thermodynamics -- 3.1. The Entropy -- 3.2. Thermodynamic Scale of Absolute Temperature -- 3.3. Formulations of the Second Principle -- 3.4. Lord Kelvin's and Clausius' Statements of the Second Principle -- 3.5. Joint Mathematical Expressions of the First and Second Principles. Thermodynamic Potentials -- 3.6. Equilibrium Conditions and the Sense of Natural Processes -- 3.7. Calculation of Entropy -- 3.8. Thermodynamic Equations of State. Calculation of Internal Energy and Enthalpy -- 3.9. Thermodynamic Functions of Ideal Gases -- 3.10. Entropy of Mixing for Ideal Gases -- 3.11. Difference Between Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure and at Constant Volume -- Problems -- IV. Water-Air Systems -- 4.1. Heterogeneous Systems -- 4.2. Fundamental Equations for Open Systems -- 4.3. Equations for the Heterogeneous System. Internal Equilibrium -- 4.4. Summary of Basic Formulas for Heterogeneous Systems -- 4.5. Number of Independent Variables -- 4.6. Phase-Transition Equilibria for Water -- 4.7. Thermodynamic Surface for Water Substance -- 4.8. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 4.9. Water Vapor and Moist Air -- 4.10. Humidity Variables -- 4.11. Heat Capacities of Moist Air -- 4.12. Moist Air Adiabats -- 4.13. Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy of Moist Air and of a Cloud -- Problems -- V. Aerological Diagrams -- 5.1. Purpose of Aerological Diagrams and Selection of Coordinates -- 5.2. Clapeyron Diagram -- 5.3. Tephigram -- 5.4. Curves for Saturated Adiabatic Expansion. Relative Orientation of Fundamental Lines -- 5.5. Emagram or Neuhoff Diagram -- 5.6. Refsdal Diagram -- 5.7. Pseudoadiabatic or Stüve Diagram -- 5.8. Area Equivalence -- 5.9. Summary of Diagrams -- 5.10. Determination of Mixing Ratio from the Relative Humidity -- 5.11. Area Computation and Energy Integrals -- Problems -- VI. Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere -- 6.1. Isobaric Cooling. Dew and Frost Points -- 6.2. Condensation in the Atmosphere by Isobaric Cooling -- 6.3. Adiabatic Isobaric (Isenthalpic) Processes. Equivalent and Wet-Bulb Temperatures -- 6.4. Adiabatic Isobaric Mixing (Horizontal Mixing) Without Condensation -- 6.5. Adiabatic Isobaric Mixing with Condensation -- 6.6. Adiabatic Expansion in the Atmosphere -- 6.7. Saturation of Air by Adiabatic Ascent -- 6.8. Reversible Saturated Adiabatic Process -- 6.9. Pseudoadiabatic Process -- 6.10. Effect of Freezing in a Cloud -- 6.11. Vertical Mixing -- 6.12. Pseudo- or Adiabatic Equivalent and Wet-Bulb Temperatures -- 6.13. Summary of Temperature and Humidity Parameters. Conservative Properties -- Problems -- VII. Atmospheric Statics -- 7.1. The Geopotential Field -- 7.2. The Hydrostatic Equation -- 7.3. Equipotential and Isobaric Surfaces. Dynamic and Geopotential Height -- 7.4. Thermal Gradients -- 7.5. Constant-Lapse-Rate Atmospheres -- 7.6. Atmosphere of Homogeneous Density -- 7.7. Dry-Adiabatic Atmosphere -- 7.8. Isothermal Atmosphere -- 7.9. Standard Atmosphere -- 7.10. Altimeter -- 7.11. Integration of the Hydrostatic Equation -- Problems -- VIII. Vertical Stability -- 8.1. The Parcel Method -- 8.2. Stability Criteria -- 8.3. Lapse Rates for Dry, Moist and Saturated Adiabatic Ascents -- 8.4. The Lapse Rates of the Parcel and of the Environment -- 8.5. Stability Criteria for Adiabatic Processes -- 8.6. Conditional Instability -- 8.7. Oscillations in a Stable Layer -- 8.8. The Layer Method for Analyzing Stability -- 8.9. Entrainment -- 8.10. Potential or Convective Instability -- 8.11. Processes Producing Stability Changes for Dry Air -- 8.12. Stability Parameters of Saturated and Unsaturated Air, and Their Time Changes -- 8.13. Radiative Processes and Their Thermodynamic Consequences -- 8.14. Maximum Rate of Precipitation -- 8.15. Internal and Potential Energy of the Atmosphere -- 8.16. Internal and Potential Energy of a Layer with Constant Lapse Rate -- 8.17. Margules' Calculations on Overturning Air Masses -- 8.18. Transformations of a Layer with Constant Lapse Rate -- 8.19. The Available Potential Energy -- Problems -- Appendix I -- Answers to Problems.
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Air pollution data is neither 'fact' nor all-seeing; no data is. The pollution sensor is positioned at a certain place, and not another; and the reading is taken at a certain time, and not another. At the same time, air pollution itself changes with the rhythm of a city, with weather patterns, and the movements of humans. Data on this topic should therefore be understood as being part of a wider investigation into air pollution, rather than the sole proof of it. To reflect the situated and partial nature of this data, this installation produced shifting patterns of light in mist, that alter their forms based on the readings in the data. These 'structures' in the light expanded and contracted as the pollution measured in the data increased and decreased. The patterns shifted based on the viewers position, coming in and out of focus, preventing any single totalising view of the data, yet producing constantly changing and evolving situated views. The same data is sonified in time with the projetions, using voices from Verdi's 1848 opera La Battaglia de Legnano, based in and first performed in Milan. The voices rise and fall in volume as the pollution measured in the data increases and decreases. La Battaglia de Legnano was an explicity political revolutionary opera, and I use it here to remind us of the explicitly political act of examining air pollution in the age of anthropocentric climate change. This work was produced as part of a collaboration with Superflux for 'Design In The Age of Experience', Superstudio Piu, for Milan Design Week 2018.
"The Atmospheric City explores how people make sense of the feelings they get in and of urban spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork of everyday life in Copenhagen, Oslo, and Stockholm, it focuses on the atmospheric power of people, places, and phenomena. While the predominant focus of current urban planning tends to rest on economic growth, sustainability, or offering housing, transport, and activities to an increasing number of city residents, this book offers a different take, based on recent discussions in the social sciences about how cities feel. It calls attention to the mundane ways in which urban dwellers adapt and adopt their surroundings. It argues that atmospheric cities are characterised by a fundamental porosity that affects how people relate to places. This highlights why some places are sought after while others are avoided. Through concrete examples of people being in and moving through the city, the book shows how people attune and are attuned by designed urban spaces, often at the margins of attention, when they find comfort in the familiar and seek out the unexpected. This book is aimed at researchers, postgraduates, and practitioners interested in urban design and how people make sense of the feelings it evokes. It will be of interest to those in the fields of urban studies, urban design, planning, architecture urban geography, cultural geography, cultural studies and anthropology"--
