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The reaction against the New Deal of Roosevelt & Truman, the fear of increased power of the State, the hostility toward ai planned society, the present prosperity of the US--these factors have favored the rebirth of a conservative ideology. Conservative Americans are not, however, senseless & reactionary defenders of laissez faire & of isolationism. Their pessimistic view of human nature, their distrust of abstract solutions, & their respect for past experience push them toward a decentralized & hierarchical state. Can this conservative ideology, which has had considerable success in US intellectual circles & in the Republican group around President Eisenhower, become an effective pol'al force? Circumstances are favorable for such a development, but against it are the egalitarianism & the belief in human achievement that are deeply rooted in the conscience of the American masses. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

- The area of the GCC is bigger than West Europe. They are one of the major poles of international economy, especially in finance and banking domains. They are the most determining factor in the oil market, not only because of mass production, but also for the reason of their rich resources. - They are newly established countries. Their social-tribal structure and their cultural behavior are not fitting the modern governance. This contrast made and makes a lot of problems that will continue. Their location is one of the most strategic. - Their developments have more external origin than internal, especially from the Arab world: Arab nationalism and Nasserism, the 67 and 73 wars, the 1960's and 70's religious and political developments in Egypt, the Islamic revolution in Iran, the military intervention of US in Afghanistan, the Iran-Iraq war, Kuwait occupation, 11/9, 2003 war, and Arab Spring. And also rise of oil prices, flowage of foreign manpower, vast presence of US military, and rapid modernization. - All these factors strongly affected their cultural and religious attitude. The most Islamic sacred places lie in this region. This reality along with desert and tribal culture caused different reactions since the late 70's. Al-Uteibi and al-Qaeda are good examples, but a large number of their population became extremists and they are now enjoying a great political and financial influence. Certainly, modern communications played a big role. This reality made a new situation in the Arab and Muslim world and even on the international scene. I tried to explain briefly all these developments, including the socio-political stability. It can be done through a clear comprehension of Islamic culture and civilization, Arab peculiarities and their experiences in the modern time, and history of the Arabian Peninsula.

In this article, we present the results of a deliberative polling experiment conducted in March 2007 with a sample of inhabitants of the province of Turin on two issues: the high-speed train connecting France to Italy (TAV) and the right to vote for legal non-EU immigrants in local elections. Following the standard design of deliberative poll, we report several aggregate and individual changes in attitudes. Changes in level of information and policy preferences were significant, but more limited than in comparable local deliberative polls. However, the experiment revealed another, different, set of changes in the normative and cognitive beliefs related to the legitimacy and technical merit of the arguments held by those whose ideas the respondents do not share. In particular, the views that were contrary to the prevalent climate of opinion were perceived, after the experiment, as more legitimate and more grounded in significant empirical or normative arguments than before. These results point to the importance of a deliberative environment that allows for a balanced and egalitarian discussion in which opposing arguments can be assessed and the implications of different alternatives explored in greater detail. Such an environment encourages dialogue between majority and minority over controversial issues and it fosters mutual respect among opposing parties and greater understanding of opposing views and arguments.

Future economic growth and social progress in knowledge societies rely increasingly on innovation. Innovation require skill sets such as technical skills, thinking and creativity skills, as well as social and behavioural skills. A blind spot is, figuratively speaking, the inability to recognize a fact or to think clearly about a particular subject, mainly because of prejudice. The blind spot in the innovation of the education and training system lies between the aspiration to "make" a difference and the "prejudice" towards this ambitious goal. In the last 20 years, in fact, despite the fact that an evaluation system has been implemented in practice as well as in the norms, the main stakeholders have shown an attitude of aversion and opposition both to some provisions of the legislation and to the use of the assessment results made by the school administration. The lack of engagement in the innovation process is mainly due to the perception of the different conditions of the school system, which suffers from large structural inequalities and resources, a condition that reduces its possibility of being equal rather than quality-oriented. What to do then? It is important that the different stakeholders understand each other's opinions, expectations, prerogatives, principles and values that underpin the innovation (or innovations) and above all that the activities car-ried out are actually aimed primarily at the progress of student maturity and school progress, i.e. ensuring the specific needs of the main stakeholders in addition to the demands for innovation from the labor market. ; La crescita economica futura e il progresso sociale nelle società della conoscenza dipendono sempre più dall'innovazione. Questa richiede un insieme di abilità tecniche, capacità di pensiero e creatività, nonché abilità sociali e comportamentali. Un angolo cieco rappresenta, figurativamente, l'incapacità di riconoscere un fatto o pensare chiaramente a un determinato argomento, soprattutto a causa di un pregiudizio. Il punto cieco del ...

Presentation of the focus on contemporary Tunia, a year after the revolution which changes political organization. The collected voices deal with the worries concerning the attitude of the new leadership on some essential rights consolidated from over half century ; Presentazione del focus sulla contemporaneit? della Tunisia, un anno dopo la rivolta che ne ha cambiato l?assetto politico. Le testimonianze raccolte discutono sulle preoccupazioni che investono l?atteggiamento della nuova leadership in merito a diritti che sembravano acquisiti da oltre mezzo secolo.

Both as essay writer and poet Ludwig Rubiner (1881-1920) focuses on art as a revolutionary practice. He conceives critical understanding of reality as a first step in a radical change of social conditions, which can be seen as the result of an artist's specific attitude in evoking new worlds. This implies that only a non-realistic art can be politically successful, because itrefersto a future horizonwithoutrestricting itselfto describing the politicalsituation ofthe time. In this paper, I analyze Rubiner's strongly utopic art concept involving some typical categories of expressionistic literature like "Geist", "Gemeinschaft", "Katastrophe".

Both as essay writer and poet Ludwig Rubiner (1881-1920) focuses on art as a revolutionary practice. He conceives critical understanding of reality as a first step in a radical change of social conditions, which can be seen as the result of an artist's specific attitude in evoking new worlds. This implies that only a non-realistic art can be politically successful, because itrefersto a future horizonwithoutrestricting itselfto describing the politicalsituation ofthe time. In this paper, I analyze Rubiner's strongly utopic art concept involving some typical categories of expressionistic literature like "Geist", "Gemeinschaft", "Katastrophe".

The public sector is changing under the pressure of increased competition, reduced resources and citizens' awareness about their role as customers/users. There is therefore a need for new principles and new tools for public management. However, such managerial skills do not belong to the political sphere and these new tools cannot be imported from the private sector without undergoing a specific adaptation. Public managers therefore play a central role in this process of change: in fact, the aim to be pursued is essentially to have more results-oriented attitudes on their part, in order to make a better use of the available resources.

Arne Naess was one of the first philosopher who try to find out a way to resolve the ecological crisis through philosophy. By analysing some of the main point of Naess' philosophy, the essay shows that his main interest was to legitimize the ecological movement. Philosophy becomes a political instrument and assumes a tragical character, because it takes on an impossible project. For Naess philosophy should provide a new total view to change man's attitude to nature. This analysis could help us to find out some critical points of a philosophy that try to be useful in the ecological crisis.

Arne Naess was one of the first philosopher who try to find out a way to resolve the ecological crisis through philosophy. By analysing some of the main point of Naess' philosophy, the essay shows that his main interest was to legitimize the ecological movement. Philosophy becomes a political instrument and assumes a tragical character, because it takes on an impossible project. For Naess philosophy should provide a new total view to change man's attitude to nature. This analysis could help us to find out some critical points of a philosophy that try to be useful in the ecological crisis.

Crisis, malaise and social fragmentation are recurring themes in the representation of the middle classes. The volume, based on the results of an investigation into the forensic profession carried out with the contribution of the Bar Council of Florence, delves into the issue by placing itself in a line of studies that has recently regained vigour within the Italian and international sociological debate. By touching on a plurality of themes and using mixed investigation methods, the research has allowed the authors to verify how different employment situations translate into an unequal distribution of life chances and into different attitudes towards profession, politics and social life, allowing also to explore the role played by lawyers in change processes.

Since their arrival in Malta in 1800, the British tried to spread their own language in the country, but they faced not only considerable practical problems posed by the fact that they had to replace Italian with English as an official language, but also a series of varied ideological and linguistic reactions from part of the Maltese people. The Maltese society was immediately divided in the attitude towards English domination, and above all towards the insertion of the English language and the penetration of the Protestant missionaries. These soon became numerous and soon became aware that in order to give effect to their propaganda they could not use English: they turned to the local idiom, opposing the use of the Maltese, who wanted to benefit even the less cultured inhabitants, to the hegemonic language Italian-Catholicism Malta but was and it is strongly linked to the Catholic Church, and it was precisely in reaction to the aforementioned Protestant policy that the supporting faction of the Italian received new adepts and new vigor. In any case, religion was not the only strength of the Italian: the exiles of the Risorgimento in fact attracted the sympathies of several Maltese; some of them, during their stay in Malta, not only directed newspapers or collaborated, but also worked for the promotion of the study of Italian literature founding private schools, academies and reading cabinets, and moreover it is understood that in the Maltese literature the influences of Italian language, culture and literature were conspicuous, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, but still in the late 19th century ; N/A

Il saggio offre una panoramica dell'atteggiamento di papa Giacomo Della Chiesa verso il modernismo cattolico e i modernisti. Rileva i principali orientamenti teologici di Benedetto XV, che ribadì la condanna del modernismo, «sintesi di tutte le eresie». Inoltre esamina il papato di Della Chiesa dal punto di vista della politica delle nomine curiali, che coinvolsero diversi prelati non integristi, mentre alcuni cardinali antimodernisti, come Rafael Merry del Val e Gaetano De Lai guidavano la Suprema Sacra Congregazione del' Sant'Uffizio e la Congregazione Concistoriale. Infine sono analizzati alcuni casi di supposto modernismo, riguardanti Francesco Lanzoni, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Giovanni Semeria, Ernesto Buonaiuti, dai quali si evince l'atteggiamento tollerante di Benedetto XV: se egli confermò la condanna dottrinale del modernismo emanata da Pio X, ciononostante introdusse un cambiamento di metodi nei confronti degli accusati di modernismo, cercando di superare le resistenze dell'ala conservatrice della Curia romana. ; This essay offers an overview of the attitude of pope Giacomo Della Chiesa towards catholic modernism and modernists. It retraces the most eminent theological tendencies of Benedict XV, who reiterated the condemnation of the modernism, "the synthesis of all heresies". Furthermore, it examines the "governance" of pope Della Chiesa from the point of view of the appointments of not integralist prelates, while some anti-modernist cardinals, such as Rafael Merry del Val and Gaetano De Lai, leaded the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office and the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. Finally, the essay analyses some cases of supposed modernism (concerning Francesco Lanzoni, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Giovanni Semeria, Ernesto Buonaiuti), showing the tolerant attitude of Benedict XV: if he confirmed the doctrinal condemnation of modernism by Pius X, he nevertheless operated a change of methods towards the accused of modernism, seeking to overcome resistances of the conservative wing of the Roman Curia.

Nel corso degli ultimi decenni si è assistito a un radicale cambiamento nella formazione e nel ruolo sociale dello psichiatra, che da "pensatore" si è trasformato in "operatore". Un grande numero di fattori, scientifici, medici, formativi, culturali, sanitari, organizzativi, politici, legali, ha contribuito a questo cambiamento. Nella realtà professionale questi fattori possono essere simboleggiati come "voci" interne dello psichiatra, che automaticamente ne limitano o inibiscono l'attitudine al pensiero autonomo, decaduta a vantaggio della necessità di operare praticamente in un ruolo professionale vissuto con sempre minore consapevolezza e profondità culturale. L'impoverimento del senso di identità scientifica e culturale dello psichiatra, a cui si chiede sempre meno di "pensare", corrisponde a un cambiamento delle attese da parte della società, che gli chiede essenzialmente di "operare". In un'ottica di metafora scientifica, il "crollo" dell'attitudine mentale dominata da questi fattori potrebbe ridare forza allo spessore culturale e al ruolo sociale dello psichiatra. ; SUMMARY. Over the last few decades there has been a radical change in the education and social role of the psychiatrist, who from "thinker" has transformed into "operator". A large number of scientific, medical, educational, cultural, health, organizational, political and legal factors have contributed to this change. In the professional reality these factors can be symbolized as internal "voices" of the psychiatrists, who automatically limit or inhibit their aptitude for autonomous thinking, lapsed to the advantage of the need to operate practically in a professional role lived with ever less awareness and cultural depth. The impoverishment of the psychiatrist's sense of scientific and cultural identity who is being asked less and less to "think", corresponds to a change in expectations on the part of society, which essentially asks him to "operate". From a scientific metaphor perspective, the "breakdown" of the mental attitude dominated by these factors could restore strength to psychiatrist's cultural depth and social role.