Suchergebnisse

Questionnaire data derived from the 1995 module of the International Social Survey Program are drawn on to examine two dimensions of nationalist attitudes -- chauvinism & patriotism -- in 22 countries. Patriotism is the feeling of pride in one's people & country but with a critical understanding that can allow for other viewpoints & other peoples. Chauvinism, on the other hand, denotes blind acceptance of one's country & people as unique & superior. This latter, negative form of nationalism is likely to promote rejection of ethnic outgroups. Varying degrees of these two nationalist attitudes were found among the 22 countries, theorized to be mediated by ethnic competition, localistic orientation, contextual characteristics, & perceived ethnic threat. Cross-national analyses indicate a distinction between a country's patriotic vs chauvinistic nationalist attitudes in determining acceptance of ethnic outgroups. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

This chapter considers whether strong positive attitudes toward the ethnic ingroup of a given nation are related to strong exclusionist reactions to ethnic outgroups, a phenomenon defined as ethnocentrism or chauvinistic nationalism. The presence of this relation is comparatively examined among 22 countries, based on 1990s survey data. The primary aim is to discern whether the extent to which various dimensions of nationalist attitudes were related to various dimensions of exclusionist reactions differed systematically by socioeconomic population group & country, or whether these interrelations were universal & invariant, both within & across countries. The findings indicate a relatively strong relation between chauvinistic nationalism & resistance to immigrants, & this relation appears to be universal. Tables. J. Stanton

Massive waves of migrants fleeing poverty & refugees fleeing war have had a considerable effect on receiving countries. Focus here is on the emergence of latent resistance in 22 countries (based on 1995 survey data) to the influx of migrants, manifested in the negative attitudes & exclusionist reactions of their citizens toward the foreigners: the more citizens with negative attitudes, the greater the public support for immigration restriction. In a cross-country examination of this situation, a distinction is drawn between economic immigrants & refugees in search of safety. Various theories, especially those of ethnic competition or threat & localist orientation, support the findings that ethnic majority individuals who were less educated, self-employed, poorly employed (manual labor), unemployed, & poor were more likely to feel negatively toward immigrants in general, though attitudes were far less negative toward refugees than economic migrants. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

The author considers Jurgen Habermas's conceptualization of & concern about the "pressure of the street." In the realm of the street, force or violence often overwhelm reason. In Habermas's theory, both civil society & the state hover precariously above an abyss symbolized by the street. 22 References. A. Funderburg

The author considers Jurgen Habermas's conceptualization of & concern about the "pressure of the street." In the realm of the street, force or violence often overwhelm reason. In Habermas's theory, both civil society & the state hover precariously above an abyss symbolized by the street. 22 References. A. Funderburg

In a discussion of Oakeshott's early influence by Hegel & British idealists, the author of this chapter delineates Oakeshott's critiques of the liberalist conceptualization of the individual relative to the purposive nature it imposes on the state (Leo Strauss, Rousseau, Hegel, Bosanquet, Green). The intellectual evolution to a Hobbesian skepticism of authority & individuals allows for a synthesis of Hobbes & Hegel to further critique liberal atomism by arguing for a socially constructed individual with rights to her choices, in an environment of government limited to the creation of peace. Liberal democracy is recognized as the best form of social integration yet developed. In his later work, "On Human Conduct," Oakeshott places his concept of the individual embedded in civil association to allow for moral practices that are chosen because of a "freedom inherent in agency." The atomism of liberal political philosophy has thus been overcome, but Oakeshott still lacks an Aristotelian moral dignity that would generate allegiance to the political community. 22 References. J. Harwell

An exploration of ethnicity, economic growth, & governance in which the author discusses how ethnicity has affected the transition to democratic governance & Africa's position in the global economy. The author also addresses issue of citizenship & modernization.

The author discusses the state of Ukrainian media in the years preceding the Orange Revolution, as well as the media revolution that accompanied, & furthered the victory of, the Orange Revolution. While the early 1990s witnessed a growth in the number of independent media outlets, the late 1990s & early 2000s saw a reversal of that trend. The author discusses two incidences, the Gongadze Case (2001) & the exposure of the temnyky documents (2000-2003) that reflected the resurgence of media censorship. The author then examines how censorship affected different media, including print media, television, internet, & radio, & provides a list of some of the unfair actions taken against the Ukrainian media. Finally, the author explores how journalism & the media changed during the Orange Revolution. J. Harwell

The author refutes the contention that women candidate are disadvantaged in fund raising. First, current research suggesting women's disadvantage is examined. Second, the author turns to an exploration of the diversity among women candidates, the type of funding women candidates depend on, & the advantages women have in their communities. The author concludes with a proposal for additional research in the following areas: state level politics, elections for executive offices, gender & racial differences in campaign spending, & research examining the role of women's Political Action Committees (PACs). J. Harwell

In this case study, the author explores how public concern about vaccinations has affected vaccination development & use throughout history. The author shows how perceptions about vaccinations are inaccurate, & identifies how these distortions are shaped. Figures, References. D. Miller

The relationship between women's education & employment in GB & the dramatic changes in British family formation in recent decades are examined based on data drawn from the British General Household Survey. Increased cohabitation, reduced marriage, & delay in childbearing are found. Education is contended to be a powerful influence on the transition to marriage & parenthood among women. It is concluded that the current directions of economic & social change in GB predict a movement toward later & more varied patterns of family formation. 9 Tables, 5 Figures, 22 References. M. Wagner

In this chapter of Life after Reform: When Bipartisan Campaign Reform Meets Politics, the author examines how House elections have become stagnant, & what impacts the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) will have on the competition & change in House elections. The author agrees with previous research that incumbency advantage is the result of electoral stagnation & is the result of campaign spending. A causal model of campaign spending that advantages the status quo is supported by analysis of campaign spending disparities. The author argues that BCRA will adversely impact electoral competition to further solidify incumbency advantage through their pre-existing hard money support, the limits on soft money, & restrictions on electioneering for new candidates. The author argues that BCRA is inadequate in that it does not change the system that allows incumbents to buy the elections. 4 Tables, 2 Figures. J. Harwell

The author provides an analysis of Russian foreign policy & U.S. engagement in post-Soviet Eurasia & Russia during the Putin administration. Arguing that Russian foreign policy is rooted in Russia's economic interests, the author declares that to understand Russian foreign policy, one must first understand the developing Russian economy & Russia's changing position in the global market place. Next, the author explores how U.S. policy has worked in practice. Remnants of the U.S./Russian Cold War relationship, Russian integration into the west & its role in NATO, & Putin's counterterrorism strategy are explored. J. Harwell

In the final chapter of the collection, the author suggests that an alternative research agenda should be developed, one that focuses on generating information with "practical relevance to conflict prevent." After discussing the weaknesses of the current orthodoxy on violent conflict and conflict prevention in sub-Saharan Africa, the author addresses the major challenges faced by conflict prevention. Finally, the author concludes by exploring why a focus on violence and agency rather than conflict and cause is necessary, and how the tenants of cultural studies and post-modern sociology can be applied.

The author explores the political values that ought to shape policy making & risk regulation. The values that provide an alternative to the traditional principles of utilitarianism & democratic elitism are democratic legitimacy, scientific integrity, & international responsibility. The author also argues for increased citizen participation. References. D. Miller