Suchergebnisse

Am 22. Mai 1997 gründete das Land Brandenburg das Aktionsbündnis gegen Gewalt, Rechtsextremismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit, nachdem in den Jahren nach der Wende besonders Brandenburg durch spektakuläre Aktionen von Rechtsextremisten und Fremdenfeinden bekannt geworden war. Der Autor beschreibt Entstehung, Tätigkeitsbereiche und die zukünftig geplanten Ziele des Aktionsbündnisses. Seit seiner Gründung konnte das Bündnis vor allem wichtige Themen in die öffentliche Diskussion einbringen und ein Netzwerk zwischen Regierung, Nichtregierungsorganisationen und lokalen Initiativen knüpfen. (ST)

In dem Beitrag wird das Dilemma der Emigration aus Rumänien untersucht, denn die Emigration von mehr als 1 Millionen Menschen hat bei insgesamt nur 22 Millionen Einwohnern eine merkbare Veränderung in der Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung verursacht. Die massive Migrationsbewegung von Osten nach Westen wird als ein zentrales Krisensymptom der rumänischen Gesellschaft bewertet. Die Entwicklung der Auswanderung zuerst in der Zwischenkriegszeit und dann zwischen 1945 und 1989 wird dargestellt. Dabei wird vor allem auf die Emigration von Minderheiten (Ungarn, Deutsche, Juden) eingegangen. Die Motivation und die Umstände der Auswanderung in den 90er Jahren werden untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, daß politisch-ideologische Motive, wirtschaftliche Motive sowie gesellschaftlicher Immobilismus die Verdrängungskraft bilden, die zum Auswandern bewegt. (ICA)

In der derzeitigen medienwissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird gefragt, wie sich der Übergang in eine Informationsgesellschaft auf die Regulierungsansätze und instrumente auswirkt und inwieweit Alternativen innerhalb des Rechts und zum Recht denkbar sind. Auf einer Metaebene wird vom Verfasser untersucht, ob und wie die derzeitigen Rechtsordnungen und politischen Systeme die Veränderungen im Regelwerk angemessen aufgreifen können. An einem Fallbeispiel wird ein Vergleich zwischen der Entstehung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für digitales Fernsehen in Großbritannien und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gezogen. Dabei wird die Gesetzgebungsaktivität in beiden Ländern vom 22. Juni 1993 bis 31. Dezember 1998 bezüglich desselben, z.T. durch europäische Vorgaben definierten Regelungsbereichs betrachtet. Daraus werden Anregungen für eine Effektivierung der Regelformulierung abgeleitet. Insgesamt erweist sich eine den Normsetzungsprozess reflektierende Gesetzgebungslehre als nützlich für die mit der Informationsgesellschaft verbundenen Veränderungen. (BB)

Vom September 1939 bis Mai 1940 standen sich deutsche und französische Soldaten an der gemeinsamen Grenze am Rhein und im Saarland kampflos gegenüber. Nachdem Holland binnen fünf Tagen besiegt wurde, begann am 5. Juni 1940 die Offensive der deutschen Truppen gegen Frankreich, am 22. Juni wurde ein Waffenstillstand ausgehandelt und der französische Norden von Deutschland besetzt. In beiden Phasen des Krieges spielten auf deutscher Seite Propagandisten eine wichtige Rolle. Sie dienten "zur Tarnung, Verschleierung und Irreführung eigener militärischer Absichten dem Auslande gegenüber." Mit Rundfunksendungen, Flugblättern, Transparenten und Lautsprecherdurchsagen wandte man sich an die gegnerischen Truppen sowie an die französische Bevölkerung, um die eigenen Aggressionen zu verschleiern und der französischen Seite Kriegstreiberei zu unterstellen. Auch wurde versucht, französische Soldaten zum Überlaufen zu bewegen. (KB)

Examines Max Weber's notion of plebiscitary leadership in the context of his general political orientation. Weber's political views are described as a complicated mix of liberalism, nationalism, & realism. These views developed over time into a form of social liberalism in which he sought a balance between the hope for democracy & the requirement of order. Important to the development of this balance was the cultivation of a form of responsible leadership that balanced the necessity of controlling the bureaucratic state with need to foster charismatic leaders who were also sensitive to institutional constraints. It was in parliament, therefore, that Weber saw that the intrinsic tension between charisma & bureaucracy might be negotiated. 22 References. D. M. Ryfe

Investigates the discursive construction of indigenous populations in Mexico in 4 government texts: a 1921 speech by a majority party spokeperson; a 1935 legislative initiative concerning the creation of a Dept of Indigenous Affairs; a 1948 presidential initiative creating the present National Indigenous Instit; & a 1990 legislative initiative by President Carlos Salinas. These texts construct indigeneous peoples in a discriminatory fashion. Binaries such as culture & economics, past, & present, & celebration & deficiency are deployed to separate indigeneous peoples from the majority & justify their continued mistreatment. While often portrayed as a bedrock of the National identity of Mexico, indigenous peoples are also described as a scandal requiring constant elite surveillance. 22 References. D. M. Smith

Reflects on an event that happened in 1984 to the author, a black feminist living in the UK, to illuminate aspects of black female subjectivity. The event comprised a meeting between the author, age 14, & two police officers who made passing references to the author's color & the fact that she was not wearing shoes. When the author disavowed aboriginal status, it is suggested that she colluded in a situational disavowal of blackness. However, the fact that she was treated in a "winking" manner indicates that the register of gender was still operative in the confrontation. It is suggested that this incident illuminates the collision that often occurs between black & female identities for black women. Moreover, the incident might contribute to feminist theorizing by rendering the identificatory practices that constitute a subject's unstable identity at any given moment. It is concluded that this approach might move black & white feminists alike beyond essentialist notions of female identity. 14 References. D. Ryfe

Examines the impact of an FBI & grand jury investigation into the whereabouts of Susan Saxe & Kathy Power -- two women who participated in a bank robbery in Brighton, MA, on 23 Sept 1970, in the name of the Revolutionary Action Force -- on different groups in Lexington, KY, drawing on 1986-1988 oral history interviews with 35+ people. It is shown that the FBI used heavy-handed tactics against 6 individuals in Lexington who were presumed to know the whereabouts of Saxe & Power, an excess that radicalized these individuals, & others who witnessed their treatment. It is suggested that for these white, largely middle-class individuals, this episode was a lesson in being perceived as the Other. Whatever their political activities, they came to understand their very identity as lesbian, gay, or feminist as a kind of radical statement against mainstream society. 22 References. D. Ryfe

W. E. B. Du Bois's profeminist writings are argued to have been influenced by his masculinist worldviews that deradicalized his progressive views on gender. Although Du Bois is rightly recognized for his profeminist politics, & for his ability to maintain conceptual & political linkages between the struggles to end racism, sexism, & war, his larger paradigm, in which the male is normative, reinforces male dominance. It is argued that this reinforcement is visible in Du Bois's marginalization of two prominent women writers -- Anna Julia Cooper & Ida B. Wells Barnett -- who were active in the black movement in the first half of the 20th century. Du Bois quotes from the writings of Cooper without citing her by name, & slights Wells Barnett when she is being ostracized at the founding conference of the National Assoc for the Advancement of Colored People. It is concluded Du Bois's profeminism is tinged with paternalism. 22 References. H. von Rautenfeld

Various conceptions of civil society & the potential contributions of anthropology to debates concerning civil society are discussed, arguing that the current debate is characterized by contradictions & Western-oriented ethnocentricity. Three predominant definitions of civil society are identified: (1) the absolute opposition of the state, (2) a positive, analytic term for the social sciences, & (3) a normative concept of a distinct & desirable social order. Anthropology could contribute to this debate by clarifying & exploring the historical foundations of civil society in diverse European discourse, intellectual traditions, & practices. Further, anthropology could illuminate manifestations of civil society in non-Western societies & expose the dimensions of power, cohesion, & social order overlooked by other disciplines. Although previous debate has been limited by an emphasis on liberal-individualism & the state-society dichotomy, anthropology provides an opportunity for the creation of a more complex, comprehensive, & diverse conception of civil society. 22 References. T. Sevier

Discusses the relationship between photographer, viewer, & subject with a specific focus on the potential agency of the subject. It is suggested that photographic content is determined by technology, & the reality of a photograph is constructed by contemporary notions regarding truth & perception. Diverse theoretical & quantitative research has shown that technology, including photography, can distort or eliminate the agency of the subject. The question of agency is considered in regard to a picture of a NY street corner (1946) by Todd Webb & an assortment of photographs depicting veiled subjects. It is argued that photographs are fundamentally manifestations of power; the photographer presents the subject & thereby denies the subject the possibility of presenting him- or herself. Further, viewers interpret these images through themselves & their own ways of knowing, independent of any concrete knowledge of the subject. However, the subject is granted diversity through the multiplicity of interpretations placed on the photograph, & subjects can construct their own agency & identity through a discourse & negotiation with the photographer that consequently affects the viewer. 22 References. T. Sevier

Argues that the importance of Louis Althusser's essay "Ideologie et appareils ideologiques d'etat" ([Ideology and Ideological Apparatuses of the State] 1970) lies more in the problems it formulates & questions it poses than in the answer it proposes. It is argued that Althusser's ignorance of the question of consent in his notion of the ideological interpellation of individuals as subjects represents an insertion into debates that took place within the political philosophy of the 17th & 18th centuries. Specifically, it is suggested that Althusser's understanding of ideological state apparatuses is a Spinozist reading of Thomas Hobbes. In Benedict de Spinoza's view, Hobbes's notion that society is founded on individual consent is a fiction, because it does not correspond to the reality on which the state rests. Rather, according to Spinoza, the power of the state consists in its relationship with the masses, where real power resides, & not individuals. Read in this manner, it is Althusser's state, & not the individual, that is caught in vicious circle, in that the very techniques it uses to constitute subjects simultaneously constitute multitudes, the real source of power in society. 22 References. D. M. Smith

The author presents a case of relatively stable two-type structure: the German pattern of the higher education system predominantly characterized by universities and Fachhochschulen. He discusses the relevance of the German case for general concepts about diversity of higher education. Gliederung: Introduction. The institutional pattern of higher education - historical changes. The public debate about the two-type structure. Policies regarding diversification and the two-type structure. The development in the Eastern Länder. Fachhochschulen in comparative perspective. (HoF/Text übernommen).

In an interview conducted by the Multinational Monitor, the author discusses her reasons for forming the Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste (CCHW). Gibbs envisioned the CCHW as a kind of environmental justice center in which vulnerable populations -- eg, low-income people, people of color, & blue-collar workers -- could resist the dangerous environmental activities of corporations. Environmental justice is distinguished from environmentalism by its focus on people & communities. Initially, this focus led to a not-in-my-backyard attitude. However, in recent years, the CCHW has worked to solve environmental dilemmas, rather than push them onto other neighborhoods. CCHW's role in combating the use of dioxin is briefly described. It is insisted throughout that only very local, grassroots campaigns can achieve environmental justice, because only local education & activist efforts can effectively resist the dumping of toxins in their communities. D. Ryfe

Black lesbian Audre Lorde (1982) produced a literary diary in which the boundaries between fiction & reality are blurred to evoke the strong relationship between the writer-autobiographical- & reader-self. It is shown that this form of writing allows a special kind of relationship to be forged between reader & text, as the boundaries between them are eroded. Five days of a personal diary are presented to demonstrate the interaction between text & author. As chapters of Lorde's book are read, questions, feeling, thoughts, arguments, & desires are spurred in the reader, which in turn compel her to write her own story. This interaction produces a kind of deep reflection on the author's status as a black lesbian feminist, which, while not formed in an academic structure, nonetheless serves to open new terrains for expressing one's feelings & ideas. 20 References. D. Ryfe