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Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2êC. However, to date the only mitigation commitments accompanying this target are the so-called Copenhagen pledges, and these pledges appear to be inconsistent with the 2êC objective. Diverging opinions on whether this inconsistency can or should be resolved have been expressed. This paper clarifies the alternative assumptions underlying these diverging view points and explicits their implications. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2êC target. It then proposes a decision tree, linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change.

Part four of an interview with John Michalides of Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Topics include: John is happy with his life and his children. Why his children had a better life in the United States than what they would have had in Cyprus. How he feels about being an American citizen. ; 1 MICHALIDES: I will see. I was training to… more story, [speaking in Italian]. When I finish a story and when he said… he stand up, so I can see his two hands and he told me, "Father, from my bottom… from the bottom of my heart, I will graduate here. You are really a teacher. You are really a teacher." [Speaking in Italian] SPEAKER2: So you feel satisfied with your life? MICHALIDES: Oh, yes. SPEAKER2: You think you've done all you wanted to do. MICHALIDES: Very, very satisfied. Very satisfied. All my children are good. All my children has good works. I feel them as real. This one who plan to go for shoemaker, he get good job, could be this. SPEAKER2: You think your children had a better opportunity in America than in Cyprus? MICHALIDES: Oh, sure. SPEAKER2: You think you had better opportunity here, too? Yeah? MICHALIDES: Yeah, I think in Cyprus no opportunity because all the money, all the people can have no money because [no food], and besides no college in Cyprus. SPEAKER2: No? Not at all? MICHALIDES: No college. SPEAKER2: You'd have to go to Greece? MICHALIDES: Ah, yes. Go to Greece, go to Milan, go to France, different places. Most of them go to Greece. SPEAKER2: Do you think you had any special advantages as a citizen of the… how long have you been a citizen? MICHALIDES: Yeah, oh, for the… I think five years when I came here. Yes, after five years, I became a citizen. SPEAKER2: Do you think you have more say in America than you would in Greece as a citizen? MICHALIDES: Oh, yes, sure. SPEAKER2: Did you vote in Greece? Did you have the right to vote?2 MICHALIDES: To vote? SPEAKER2: To vote? To vote for… MICHALIDES: To vote? Oh, yeah. I have freedom of everything. Oh, yeah. It's like this, like here, I vote in the government and everything like here. And they can say that the only thing different is we have not in the Greece, in Cyprus, every state with all government. We have what you all got. See? Here, in United States has its own government, its own senators and so on; in our own, judges, you know, everything, senators. SPEAKER2: Yeah. Many times people say they long for the good old days like back when they were younger. Do you think you have… your life is better right now in these days or do you prefer the older days? MICHALIDES: Well, really, I like my country because anyone knows; I pray that he was born but it is… if I was younger, I was going down to see, to [speaking in Italian] but yet I know. I can't… I want to go, how I came. I don't decide because I am 90 years old. I don't know what to happen to me and daughter to spend money to bring here, because if I die there they have to bring me here because I bought a place and everything. I put up a store and another store in my name and my wife. SPEAKER2: When you went back to Cyprus, did you go by boat or by plane? MICHALIDES: When I go back? SPEAKER2: When you went back. MICHALIDES: Well, I went by airplane. SPEAKER2: What was that like? Did that scare you? Did that… was that scary? Did you… were you afraid of that? MICHALIDES: I bought… I went in an airplane in 11 hours to Greece, stayed to Greece with my daughter, from Greece to Cyprus with… just the same. SPEAKER2: Did you like riding on a plane?3 MICHALIDES: Oh, sure. If it was necessary to go, yeah, even when I was good, I was dizzy but with the airplane I did not feel at all. SPEAKER2: No? MICHALIDES: I thought it did not move. It was a very good airplane. I'm not at all stopping on planes. I see… not friends, nothing. But I remember very few. I don't know. SPEAKER2: But you're happy with your life now? You think you've accomplished what you wanted to do? MICHALIDES: Excuse me? SPEAKER2: You've accomplished what you wanted to do in life? You're satisfied with your life now? Yeah? MICHALIDES: I'm very satisfied. People here know me and I know them. When I'm going to church, I come out, my pupils, girl, boy gather around me asking, "How are you, father? How have you've been now?" They're so… SPEAKER2: I want to thank you very much for helping me with this. I took a lot of your time and I appreciate it. MICHALIDES: No, no. Thank you very much for coming. SPEAKER2: And you'll be a great help. MICHALIDES: I thought… I thought that you want me to do for others. SPEAKER2: No, just you. But you did… I really appreciate that. MICHALIDES: Thank you. SPEAKER2: Thank you./AT/jf/jc/ee

The author, writer and filmmaker Neil Hollander has been having a successful career for more than three decades. He's been author of several books for kids and more books that serve as a manuals for surviving on open sea. With his latest books Hollander has been advocating for world peace and bringing closer to the public the horrific life of people living under military regime in Burma. He is also active as a public speaker covering these and similar subjects. As a filmmaker Hollander started his career back in 70's when together with Harald Mertes went on a voyage around the Ocean on a sailing boat, Spending three years on this trip he visited many places and learned many things about life on sea. Later he documented these finding in his book, which he also used as a screenplay for his awarded documentary film The Last Sailors: The Final Days of Working Sail. The film is hosted by Orson Welles who in this classic documentary film tells the story of the men who, with their ancient craft, still harness the wind and the sea for their livelihood. The film includes stories from people living all over the world, including countries like Egypt, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Brazil, Costa Rica and other places. Hollander is artist that is best known for his exhibitions hosted in collaboration with some world-recognized museums and art schools. In his career he has worked with the Smithsonian, the Deutsches Museum and the Jim Thompson House in Bangkok. Lately his project are publicly visible at his portfolio at Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). Projects worth mentioning as one of the best in his portfolio include Hollander's Nobel Voices, Neil Hollander Burma A Human Tragedy, Birds of Passage, H for Hunger, to name a few.

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a cell-secreted protein that participates in the axonal guidance pathways. Sema3A acts as a canonical repulsive axon guidance molecule, inhibiting CNS regenerative axonal growth and propagation. Therefore, interfering with Sema3A signaling is proposed as a therapeutic target for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. It has been shown that Sema3A adheres to the proteoglycan component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and selectively binds to heparin and chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We hypothesize that the biologically relevant interaction between Sema3A and GAGs takes place at Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (SCT). The aims of this study were to characterize the interaction of the whole Sema3A C-terminal polybasic region (Sema3A 725–771) with GAGs and to investigate the disruption of this interaction by small molecules. Recombinant Sema3A basic domain was produced and we used a combination of biophysical techniques (NMR, SPR, and heparin affinity chromatography) to gain insight into the interaction of the Sema3A C-terminal domain with GAGs. The results demonstrate that SCT is an intrinsically disordered region, which confirms that SCT binds to GAGs and helps to identify the specific residues involved in the interaction. NMR studies, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, show that a new peptoid molecule (CSIC02) may disrupt the interaction between SCT and heparin. Our structural study paves the way toward the design of new molecules targeting these protein–GAG interactions with potential therapeutic applications. ; This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Project VISION, grant No. 304884, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/Spanish Research Agency (MCI/AEI/FEDER, RTI2018–096182-B-I00) and AGAUR (2017 SGR 208). ; Peer reviewed

This thesis critically analyzes the H-2C temporary worker program (TWP) that was part of the 2006, Senate-approved Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act. Employer opinions and lessons from past U.S. TWPs are presented, resulting in recommendations for changing H-2C's design in order to maximize its potential as a core component of future immigration reform in the United States. The paper finds that small businesses, which comprise the majority of the businesses in the United States, and are among the heaviest users of foreign labor, consider the 2006 H-2C program to be unaffordable. Policy makers must redesign H- 2C to be affordable for small businesses while still offering an effective system for protecting domestic worker interests. The paper concludes that the best means to achieve both program affordability for small businesses and effectual domestic worker protections is likely a user -friendly, electronic program process

Treballs Finals del Màster d'Advocacia, Facultat de Dret, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020, Tutor: Dos Santos V. Factor, Javier

"11 December 1978." ; Shipping list no.: 89-483-P. ; "Reprint which includes current pages from changes 1 and 2." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 14

10 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.-Data Availability Statement: All data underlying this article are available in the main publication and in its Supplementary Materials online. ; Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), the extracellular enzymes capable of oxygenating a potpourri of aliphatic and aromatic substrates with a peroxide as co-substrate, come out with a new reaction: carbon-chain shortening during the conversion of fatty acids with the well-known UPOs from Coprinopsis cinerea (rCciUPO) and Cyclocybe (Agrocybe) aegerita (AaeUPO). Although a pathway (Cα-oxidation) for shortening the hydrocarbon chain of saturated fatty acids has already been reported for the UPO from Marasmius rotula (MroUPO), it turned out that rCciUPO and AaeUPO shorten the chain length of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a different way. Thus, the reaction sequence does not necessarily start at the Cα-carbon (adjacent to the carboxyl group), as in the case of MroUPO, but proceeds through the subterminal (ω-1 and ω-2) carbons of the chain via several oxygenations. This new type of shortening leads to the formation of a dicarboxylic fatty acid reduced in size by two carbon atoms in the first step, which can subsequently be further shortened, carbon by carbon, by the UPO Cα-oxidation mechanism. View Full-Text ; This research was funded by BioBased Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, grant number 792063 (SusBind project; https://susbind.eu; to A.G., Á.T.M. and M.H.), the PID2020-118968RB-100 project by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 to A.G., and the CSIC projects PIE-202040E185 (to A.G.) and PIE-202120E019 (to Á.T.M.). ; Peer reviewed

At the end of the 1870s, the oppressive policies of the Argentine State were intensified towards the indigenous people linked to the Southern Border, visible in the punitive expeditions of 1878-1879. In the case of theranqueles, located in the centralPampa, these actions were part of previous strategies of attrition, carried out by the military commanders ofSan LuisandCórdobathrough the diplomatic channel, softening campaigns and co-optation of contingents who, both forced and voluntarily, migrated to the fortsVilla MercedesandSarmiento. From a line of investigation that seeks to reconstruct the itineraries of theranquelessubmitted in the aforementioned context, the article characterizes the imprisonment of the indigenous people taken by the 3rd Expeditionary Division (April-August 1879) under the leadership of Colonel Eduardo Racedo. Its purpose is to describe their living conditions while they were in thePitral Lauquencamp (nearPoitagué), understanding that it simultaneously acted as a place of concentration and distribution of prisoners. ; Al terminar la década de 1870 se intensificaron las políticas opresivas del Estado argentino para con los indígenas ligados a la Frontera Sur, visibles en las expediciones punitivas de 1878-1879. En el caso de los ranqueles, situados en la pampa central, estas acciones se enmarcan en estrategias previas de desgaste ejecutadas por los mandos militares de San Luis y Córdoba a través de la vía diplomática, las campañas de ablandamiento y cooptación de contingentes que migrabande manera forzaday por presentación a los fuertes Villa Mercedes y Sarmiento. Desde una línea de investigación que busca reconstruir los itinerarios de los ranqueles sometidos en ese contexto, el artículo caracteriza elaprisionamiento de los indígenas tomados por la 3aDivisión Expedicionaria (abril-agosto de 1879) bajo el liderazgo del coronel Eduardo Racedo. Su finalidad es describir sus condiciones de vida mientras estuvieron depositados en el campamento Pitral Lauquen (cercano a Poitagué), lugar de concentración y distribución de prisioneros.

International audience ; Although nuclear energy forms an important and controversial part of polar history, its uses and misuses have so far received little attention from professional historians. Especially mobile nuclear reactors, as deployed for instance on the Antarctic continent, played an important role in the conquest of the polar regions. The Antarctic case presented here allows to illustrate the large diversity of issues involved in the American mobile nuclear reactor programme, ranging from economic considerations, over military strategy, to environmental and health concerns. During several decades, mobile nuclear power reactors were considered a cheap and clean solution, yet as this essay shows, history proved otherwise. None of the economic targets were met and in the case of the Antarctic reactor, repeated failures and even radioactive leakages lead finally to the shutdown of the whole programme. ; Même si l'énergie nucléaire joue un rôle important et controversé dans l'histoire polaire, son usage et son mésusage ont reçu très peu d'attention de la part des historiens. Les réacteurs nucléaires mobiles en particulier, tels qu'ils ont été mis en oeuvre sur le continent antarctique, ont occupé une fonction cruciale dans la conquête des régions polaires. Le cas antarctique présenté ici permet d'illustrer la grande diversité des éléments invoqués dans le programme étatsunien de réacteurs nucléaires mobiles, allant de considérations économiques, en passant par la stratégie militaire, à des inquiétudes environnementales et de santé publique. Pendant plusieurs décennies, les réacteurs nucléaires mobiles ont été considérés une solution peu couteuse et propre, mais comme nous allons arguer ci-dessous, l'histoire en a voulu autrement. Aucun des objectifs économiques ne fut atteint et dans le cas du réacteur en Antarctique, de nombreuses coupures et même des fuites radioactives ont amené enfin à l'abandon du programme.

A book review of Comparative political analysis, by Allen L. Larson.

The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemeteries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Pendleton Cemetery #678, Pendleton, Bell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Brown, E. A. ; Abilene Cemetery #138, Abilene, Taylor County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Thomas, J. W. ; Abilene Cemetery #138, Abilene, Taylor County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Thomas, J. H. ; Weiland Cemetery #578, Weiland, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Phillips, Robt Jackson. ; King Cemetery #685, Coryell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Moseley, Elisha Alfred. ; Norton Cemetery #915, Runnels County, Texas | Veterans Interred: McDaniel, James M. ; Dickens Cemetery #340, Dickens, Dickens County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Sheilds, Thos. Jefferson. ; Shady Grove Cemetery #634, Wood County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Crone, Franklin M. ; Shady Grove Cemetery #634, Wood County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Jarred, James. ; Shady Grove Cemetery #634, Wood County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Brawning, Thomas. ; Moody Cemetery #28, Moody, McLennon County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Phillips, A. J. ; Weiland Cemetery #578, Weiland, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Cummings, Henry. ; Weiland Cemetery #578, Weiland, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Elledge, W. W. ; Forrest Park Cemetery #582, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: McMillan, Lee G. ; Abilene Cemetery #138, Abilene, Taylor County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Thomas, J. W. ; East Mt. Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Fountain E. P.

The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemeteries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Hogeye Cemetery #759, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Tatom, Felix G. ; Wesley Chpl. Cemetery #773, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Byars, Daniel W. ; Panhandle Cemetery #193, Panhandle, Carson County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Jameson, Wm. Savage. ; Miami Cemetery #202, Miami, Roberts County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Whatley, John Williams. ; Highland Cemetery #154, Stanford, Haskell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Self, John M. ; Highland Cemetery #154, Stanford, Haskell County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Buie, Archibald. ; Terrace Cemetery #377, Post, Garza County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Smith, Isaac. ; McWright Cemetery #573, Greenville, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: VanCleave, George W. ; Forrest Prk Cemetery #582, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Ende, Fred Von. ; East Mount Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Robey, James Garrison. ; East Mount Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Lamar, J. H. ; East Mount Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Latimer, Isham Pruitt. ; East Mount Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Gee, Robert B. ; Quay Cemetery #722, Quay County, New Mexico. ; Graham Point Cemetery #756, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: VanCleave, Wm. Grenade. ; Hooker Ridge Cemetery #760, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Fortenberry, Oliver A. ; Plainview Cemetery #317, Plainview, Hale County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Howell, Alfred T. ; Kress Cemetery #186, Kress, Swisher County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Askey, James Harrison. ; West Park Cemetery #184, Hereford, Deaf Smith County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Rector, Thos. K. ; Dreamland Cemetery #192, Canyon, Randall County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Slack, Oliver Perry. ; Rosston Cemetery #1048, Rosston, Cooke County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Glover, Isaac. ; East Mount Cemetery #572, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Arnold, Marcellus M. ; Kelly Cemetery #763, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Walker, Wesley Clark. ; Shiloh Cemetery #591, Campbell, Hunt County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Voyles, Rudolphus. ; Abilene Cemetery #1138, Abilene, Taylor County, Texas | Veterans Interred: Sorelle, Wiley H.

For ensuring full access to the journal's contents, we provide this link in order to download the full issue. ; Para facilitar al máximo el acceso de los lectores a los contenidos de laRevista Universitaria de Historia Militarproporcionamos este enlace directo para la descarga del número completo.

This article provides a biographical look at the American author James Fenimore Cooper. It traces his roots from his youth in Cooperstown—named after his father William—to his ill-timed naval career, and on to his time as a self-conscious novelist.