Es leuchtet nicht ein, so der Verfasser, warum jemand, der wie Hobbes der Meinung ist, dass der Naturzustand verlassen werden muss, auf die staatsabsolutistische Position festgelegt sein müsse. Es gibt doch ein Drittes zwischen Naturzustand und Leviathan, nämlich die gemäßigte konstitutionelle Herrschaft; in ihr ist die Gewaltausübung nicht vorgabenfreie schöpferische Ordnungssetzung aus dem normativen Nichts heraus, sondern gesetzlich gebunden und institutionell domestiziert. Es gibt viele Organisationsformen gemäßigter Herrschaft, eine Vielfalt von Mäßigungsinstrumenten, normativen Vorgaben und institutionellen Bindungen: da ist an individuelle Grundrechte zu denken, die staatlichem Handeln eine Grenze ziehen, an vernunftrechtliche oder kontraktualistisch begründete Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien, aber auch an den Konstitutionalismus, der den Gesetzgeber an die Verfassung bindet, an das Prinzip der Rechtsstaatlichkeit und an die Gewaltenteilung. Hobbes hat all diese Mäßigungsinstrumente explizit oder implizit verworfen, sein Leviathan ist weder ein Verfassungsstaat noch ein Rechtsstaat, denn er lehnt sowohl die Verfassungsbindung als auch die Gesetzesbindung des Souveräns ab und betrachtet jede Form von Gewaltenteilung als schweren ordnungspolitischen Fehler. (ICF2)
This article discusses the effects of the separation of functions in basic income support, as found in the evaluation according to paragraph 6c of Social Code II (SGB II), in which the efficiency of 'ARGE' administration associations and 'opting' municipalities was compared. The article considers the development of separated service functions, the organisation of the service process within the scope of SGB II, the governance of separated functions, and the organisation of the service processes at the interfaces to further social legislation in the Federal Employment Agency's (BA) and municipalities' areas of responsibility. The separation of functions constitutes a model of implementation not legally intended, which contradicts structurally a previously central aim of reform, namely a unique provider of services. The author concludes that the extent of cooperation between service providers, within the scope of SGB II and beyond, depends on the locally operating decision-makers. In general, there is a contradiction between the welfare-state-oriented logic of SGB II and the economic logic of SGB III. In the light of the BA's focus on fiscal efficiency, the author perceives a danger of 'the economic logic predominating and potentially disadvantaging hard-to-place employment-seeking persons, or of long-term and holistic integration strategies remaining under-developed'. (IAB)
In the context of research on the organisational implementation of the Social Code II (SGB II), the research area 2 'implementation and governance analysis' has conducted extensive analyses of the conception and execution of policy measures. This article comments the results and supplements them by analyses of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) in the context of general impact research in the scope of SGB II. The author concludes that a relatively uniform understanding of SGB II services emerges across boundaries of organisation models. Across models, there are difficulties in the allocation of persons to measures and the individual design of the service process, which corresponds to the heterogeneity of the clientele. Awareness of these processes must be raised in research and practise. (IAB)
Training measures are among the most frequently employed instruments of labour market policy. In the context of impact research according to paragraph 6c of Social Code II (SGB II), it was found that significant effects of training measures can be expected regarding the improvement of employment perspectives. The author deals with the question, as excluded from continuous SGB II impact research, of the effects' reasons, and investigates the different effects of various types of measures, the intentions of the allocation of measures, the process of allocation, and the effects of the announcement of training measures. She finds that already the intention by which labourers employ non-firm-specific training measures is less aimed at direct integration than is the case with firm-related measures. Non-firm-related training measures, in her opinion, therefore should take place at an early stage. There is also evidence that non-firm-related training measures can be employed as a means of obligating participants to make an effort by themselves. 'In this realm, however, policy should operate cautiously and under no circumstances on a national level, since otherwise there is a danger of a crowding-out from the reception of social assistance in the short run'. (IAB)
The article investigates what effect the introduction of the experiment clause in the Social Code II (in the context of the Hartz IV reforms) has on the institutional regulation structures of labour market policy. The central thesis is that in this policy field, for the solution of a legislation dilemma over the experiment clause, a new form of governance has been introduced, which appears as a highly complex and dynamic form of governance modes, and structures both the governance of each implementation model and the strategic interaction relationships between the models. This new form of governance is defined and described as a 'constitutional experiment'. Next, it is investigated which particular interests of collective agents have influenced the development of legal regulation structures and especially of the experiment clause; also, consequences of the new governance form for the respective regulation structures in particular models of operation are discussed. Next to this, the relationship between the change of regulation structures on super-ordinate levels, and processes of institutionalisation of regulation structures and governance modes on subordinate levels is investigated. The author concludes that the interaction of the private competition mode with public and mixed public-private modes of operation lead to a deformation of competition, the consequences of which are discussed in concluding. (IAB)
"Sino-Vatican diplomatic relation was established in 1924 but was formally cut in 1951 with the expulsion of the Papal Nuncio Archbishop Riberi from China (Chen/Jiang 2003, 162-276). With Mao Zedong's emphasis an dass struggle and his intolerance toward ideological issues, religious idealism in China, including Catholicism, had to give way to the dialectical materialism of Marxist-Leninism and Maoist thought. Also Vatican represented a dass which Mao aimed to get rid of. Only after Deng Xiaoping initiated the modernization policy in 1978 and China began to merge from its isolation was there a possibility for a dialogue, with the view of establishing a Sino-Vatican Concordat. In the context of Vatican's Ostpolitik with Communist states, in 1981, Cardinal Casaroli, then Secretary of the State of the Vatican, made the first overture to China, aiming at normalizing the relationl. China frowned upon the Vatican's unilateral appointment of Bishop Dominic Deng Yiming in 1982, a released prisoner of conscience after 22-years imprisonment as the Archbishop of Guangzhou. By Beijing's order, contact had been temporaries suspended for a short while as retaliation. However, informal contact between the Vatican and China was resumed shortly thereafter, and progress was made. In November 1987, Zhao Ziyang, then Secretary General of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), met Cardinal Jaime Sin of Manila in Beijing and they agreed to have their aides-de-camp threshing out more details to initiate formal Sino-Vatican negotiation. The meeting gave hope for heralding a new dawn in the Sino-Vatican rapprochement. Twenty years have passed (1987-2007). Since then, it seems the sun has set on the prospects for further dialogue, and that no rapprochement can be imagined for the near future. The change in the political landscape in the international arena and within China added new factors to the SinoVatican negotiation, including the Hong Kong issue. When old problems of appointing bishops have not been resolved, two new requests from Beijing add difficulties to the complexity of the negotiation. These are 1) the transference of the ecclesiastical power of administration to the civil authority in local dioceses and 2) demanding the Vatican to validate appointed bishops. Above all, the tensed Catholic-government relations in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) is among other factors which caused international attention and it should prompt Beijing and the Vatican to reconsider serious about the dormant negotiation. This article aims at discussing 1) the role played by Hong Kong in the Sino-Vatican relations vis-ä-vis in the revival of the Chinese Catholic Church, and 2) the conflicting Catholic and government relations in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The research Eindings reflect on Hong Kong's political participation as viewed from the perspectives from China and the Vatican might throw some light on the Hong Kong Factor in the Sino-Vatican negotiation." (author's abstract)
Der Beitrag behandelt die theoretische Erklärung und empirisch feststellbare Bedeutung des Einreisealters für die Entstehung einer (kompetenten) Bilingualität. Im Hintergrund steht die theoretisch nahe liegende, aber umstrittene Hypothese, dass bestimmte soziale Bedingungen, die den Erwerb der einen Sprache fördern, den der anderen behindern, etwa weil sich im Alltag die entsprechenden Sprachumwelten räumlich, zeitlich und sozial meist deutlich verteilen. Beim Einreisealter kommt die - ebenfall umstrittene - Hypothese hinzu, dass es eine "kritische Periode" des Spracherwerbs gebe. In dem Beitrag wird ein theoretisches Modell für den Zweit- und Erstspracherwerb entwickelt und anhand von Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels empirisch untersucht. Die beiden wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind, dass es zum einen in der Tat einige Bedingungen des Spracherwerbs gibt, die den Erwerb beider Sprachen gegenseitig behindern, und dass das für das Einreisealter in einem besonderen Maße zutrifft, und zum anderen, dass es eine deutlich erkennbare "kritische Periode" beim Zweitspracherwerb gibt (etwa ab 13 Jahre). Die Entstehung der (kompetenten) Bilingualität wird damit von zwei Seiten her erschwert: Ein zu niedriges Einreisealter behindert den Erstspracherwerb, ein zu hohes den Zweitspracherwerb. Die praktische Schlussfolgerung für die Förderung der Bilingualität ist damit die möglichst frühzeitige Ermöglichung interethnischer Kontakte für den simultanen Zugang zu verschiedenen Sprachumgebungen in der Periode der höchsten Lernfähigkeit. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;"This contribution deals with the theoretical explanation and empirically observable impact of the age at immigration on the development of (competent) bilingualism. What is behind this, is the obvious, however also controversial, hypothesis that certain social conditions that foster the acquisition of one language impede the acquisition of the other one. This may be due to the fact that the respective day-to-day language environments often differ in terms of space, time and also socially. In addition, with regard to the age at immigration the - also controversial - hypothesis becomes important that there is a 'critical period' in language acquisition. In this article the author develop a theoretical model of second and first language acquisition and investigate it empirically with data of the socio-economic panel. The two most important results are that, first there are indeed certain conditions that mutually impede the acquisition of both languages and that this is especially true for age at immigration as one of these conditions, and second, that there is a clearly identifiable 'critical period' in second language acquisition (starting at about the age of 13). The development of (competent) bilingualism is thus hindered from two sides: a too low age at immigration obstructs first language acquisition whereas a too high age obstructs second language acquisition. The practical conclusion for enhancing bilingualism is then to allow for interethnic contacts at an early stage in order to provide simultaneous exposure to different language environments during the period when learning aptitude is highest." (author's abstract).
