Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2êC. However, to date the only mitigation commitments accompanying this target are the so-called Copenhagen pledges, and these pledges appear to be inconsistent with the 2êC objective. Diverging opinions on whether this inconsistency can or should be resolved have been expressed. This paper clarifies the alternative assumptions underlying these diverging view points and explicits their implications. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2êC target. It then proposes a decision tree, linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change.
Over time, with the profound changes in the learning and in research provided by technological advances, and especially because of the extreme value of higher education and scientific research, there is an intense discussion around the old and worn slogan "publish or perish". Increasingly, mentors or directors of thesis and university papers, en general, put themselves as first author or coauthor of work performed by their students, by the argument that the author, as activity and process, suffers herself social, cultural, economic and political mutations. This is a topic that arouses controversy and leads to conceptual changes, which require the deconstruction of its foundations, which, however, must respect the ethic behaviour ; A lo largo del tiempo, con los profundos cambios en la enseñanza e investigación provenientes de los avances tecnológicos, y sobre todo por el valor creciente de la educación superior y de la investigación científica, hay intensas controversias alrededor del viejo y gastado lema "publicar o morir". Cada vez más, tutores o directores de tesis y monografías académicas en general, se colocan como primer autor o coautor de los trabajos realizados por sus alumnos, utilizando el argumento de que la autoría, como actividad y proceso, sufre ella misma intensas mutaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas. Este es un tema que despierta discusiones y conduce a cambios conceptuales que requieren la reconstrucción de sus fundamentos, ya que con respecto de la cuestión ética, debe tenerse en cuenta.
On 22 February 2011, Canterbury and its largest city Christchurch experienced its second major earthquake within six months. The region is facing major economic and organisational challenges in the aftermath of these events. Approximately 25% of all buildings in the Christchurch CBD have been "red tagged" or deemed unsafe to enter. The New Zealand Treasury estimates that the combined cost of the February earthquake and the September earthquake is approximately NZ$15 billion [2]. This paper examines the national and regional economic climate prior to the event, discusses the immediate economic implications of this event, and the challenges and opportunities faced by organisations affected by this event. In order to facilitate recovery of the Christchurch area, organisations must adjust to a new norm; finding ways not only to continue functioning, but to grow in the months and years following these earthquakes. Some organisations relocated within days to areas that have been less affected by the earthquakes. Others are taking advantage of government subsidised aid packages to help retain their employees until they can make long-term decisions about the future of their organisation. This paper is framed as a "report from the field" in order to provide insight into the early recovery scenario as it applies to organisations affected by the February 2011 earthquake. It is intended both to inform and facilitate discussion about how organisations can and should pursue recovery in Canterbury, and how organisations can become more resilient in the face of the next crisis.
Injury from causes such as falls, traffic accidents, or violence is a major public health issue globally. Injury prevention research aims to identify vulnerable populations and places by analyzing the spatial patters of demographic and socio-economic risk factors associated with elevated injury rates. The stakeholders in injury prevention and control are often distributed across government and public health institutions, non-profits, and even the private sector (e.g. insurance firms). While this situation calls for distributed, online research tools, their implementation may conflict with health data confidentiality and license limitations for socio-economic data. In this paper, we present the Online Injury Atlas for Ontario, which was designed with the explicit goal to make use of, and contribute to, the Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure. We propose a service-based architecture that integrates publicly accessible map services with protected data layers. Thereby, we demonstrate the benefits of using spatial data infrastructures alongside private data at different levels of protection. In addition, we discuss the extensive data processing needs and specific cartographic design requirements of a Web atlas in the health and social sciences domain. ; C. Rinner, B. Moldofsky, M.D. Cusimano, S.P. Marshall, T. Hernandez (2011) Exploring the Boundaries of Web Map Services: The Example of the Online Injury Atlas for Ontario. Transactions in GIS 15(2): 129-145
As we approach the 40th anniversary of Canada's multiculturalism policy, the concept of multiculturalism is under attack in many jurisdictions. The leaders of Germany, France and Britain, have each declared that multiculturalism has been a failure in their countries, serving to separate and segregate, rather than integrate (Edmonton Journal, February 13, 2011). It seems timely therefore, to briefly review the origins and evolution of Canada's multiculturalism policy and examine future directions in light of the changing global and national situation, and newly emerging public discourses on integration, inclusion and the meaning of Canadian identity. The focus of this paper is on the role multiculturalism policy plays in creating a more inclusionary society in the twenty-first century in Canada. We set the context by presenting a brief historical overview of multiculturalism policy since its introduction in 1971 and summarizing some of the recent Canadian discourse surrounding multiculturalism. One of the key questions we explore is whether multiculturalism policy should move beyond focusing on the integration of population groups marginalized by national, racial, religious or ethnic origins, to addressing broader social inclusionary processes that influence inequities and impact on nation. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation: ; Hyman, I., Meinhard, A. & Shields, J. (2011). The role of multiculturalism policy in addressing social inclusion processes in Canada (Working Paper Series Volume 2011 (3)).Toronto: Ted Rogers School of Management, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Ryerson University.
The paper describes how practice of INSPIRE implementation are affecting Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) development. It contains the results of a EuroSDR (European Spatial Data Research) project 'Atlas of INSPIRE implementation methods'. Aim of the project was to make an inventory of experiences when implementing INSPIRE, in order to share exemplary practices and solutions among national mapping agencies and national INSPIRE contact points. This inventory formed the basis for the generation of the prototype Atlas for all national mapping agencies, policy makers and other stakeholders who have to implement INSPIRE. For SDI research the Atlas provides empirical base material for the conceptualization of SDI implementation approaches. The analytical framework to look at INSPIRE implementation drew on two theoretical notions of how implementation actions can lead to information infrastructure development: a cultivation approach and a design approach. A qualitative data collection process, through a survey and two workshops, tested the extent to which either of the two approaches were prevalent for the INSPIRE implementation. The survey and the workshops provided primary data on INSPIRE implementation experiences of representatives from twelve European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom). Comparing the national experiences showed that both types of approaches of INSPIRE implementation are present the EU countries. The cultivation approach is more prevalent in countries which established SDI organizational structures outside the NMAs, and the design approach is more prevalent in countries relying solely on NMAs for INSPIRE implementation. Embedding INSPIRE implementation in national SDI activities seems furthermore to relate to cultivation approaches, consisting of a gradually flatter inter-organizational working relations, and a scaling up strategy which iteratively links the (supra)national implementation plans of INSPIRE to the local implementation plans in national and sub national organizations, and vice versa. The variety in approaches imply that a uniform, best practice, INSPIRE implementation approach for all countries does exist, but that the choices for certain practices strongly relate to the local contextual conditions and windows of opportunities. The implication of these findings for research in SDI development is that more emphasis should be placed on the mechanism of interaction between the slowly changing socio-organizational context and rapidly technologies. ; Built Environment ; OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment
Newcomer engagement or participation in the nonprofit sector has been shown to be an important pillar for upholding democracy, linked to voting behaviour and political participation; the creation of social capital; and enhancement of newcomer involvement in local decision making. This paper presents results of a study that focuses on two ways in which immigrant minorities have their interests represented in community decision-making: the first through the formation of ethno-specific voluntary organizations that represent their specific interests; the second via participation as leaders, board members and volunteers in 'mainstream' nonprofit and public organizations. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation ; Meinhard, A., Faridi, F., O'Connor, P. & Randhawa, M. (2011) Civic participation of visible minorities in Canadian society: the role of nonprofit organizations in Canada's four most diverse cities (Working Paper Series. Volume 2011 (1)). Toronto: Ted Rogers School of Management, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Ryerson University.
Online version of an article originally published as: Using Teachers' Volunteer Experiences in the Dominican Republic to Develop Social Responsibility in Canadian Middle-School Students: An 'Authors in the Classroom' Approach. Interamerican Journal of Education for Democracy . Vol 2, No 2 (2009). Publisher URL: http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/view/161
Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) support collaborative decision-making in the public realm. PPGIS provide advanced communication, deliberation, and conflict resolution mecha nisms to engage diverse stakeholder groups. Many of the functional characteristics of Web 2.0 echo basic PPGIS functions including the authoring, linking, and sharing of volunteered geographic information. However, with the increasing popularity of geospatial applications on the Web comes a need to develop concepts for scalable, reliable, and easy-to-maintain tools. In this paper, we propose a cloud computing implementation of a scalable argumentation mapping tool. The tool also illustrates the opportunities of applying a Web 2.0 model to PPGIS. The searching, linking, authoring, tagging, extension, and signalling (SLATES) functions are associated with PPGIS functionality to produce a participatory GeoWeb tool for deliberative democracy.
This study reports on the Canadian data from a recent international content analysis of broadcast news in 18 countries. With a mind to Robert A. Hackett's longitudinal analysis of foreign news on CBC and CTV in 1989, the current study addresses questions of foreign news prominence, geographic distribution, topic coverage, and variation between networks, noting differences and similarities in the content of foreign news in light of shifting cultural, political, and economic environments; news production processes; and communication technologies. This analysis provides an update to Hackett's seminal work, painting a picture of the Canadian foreign news landscape two decades later. ; Goodrum, A., & Godo, E. (2011). Elections, Wars, and Protests? A Longitudinal Look at Foreign News on Canadian Television. Canadian Journal of Communication, 36(3), 455-475. Retrieved from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/2405
This paper provides an overview of the telecommunications policy environment in Canada. Like Milner's (2009) article on New Zealand, this paper offers insights on international approaches to telecommunications policy. Canada's telecommunications history reveals a mix of private and public sector investment in regionally-based service providers. Canada did not have a single, publicly owned telecommunications carrier as was the case in Australia. Liberalisation of the telecommunications marketplace encouraged the development of competing infrastructures, with cable companies (traditionally focused on broadcasting distribution) and telephone companies now both providing wireline and wireless, voice, Internet and television services. Competition for wireline services remains regionally based, while wireless providers compete nationally. Although competition is intense, the broadband and wireless markets are highly concentrated. Competition in these markets has not resulted in extensive consumer choice, low prices or innovative services. Most Canadian consumers have access to broadband connectivity, but uptake rates now lag other OECD countries, for services that are slower and more expensive than those available in many other locations. Mobile phone penetration in Canada is on par with that of developing nations. The paper explores the characteristics of Canada's telecommunication markets, discusses the policy environment and notes that government has not offered a vision of a digital future for Canada. ; Middleton, C. (2011). Canada's Telecommunications Policy Environment. Telecommunications Journal of Australia. (61:4). pp. 69.1-69.14.
This paper used a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze the representation of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in the 2006 federal election in Canada. Using Fairclough's approach to CDA, the study analyzed written documents including newspaper articles from The Globe and Mail and The National Post, the policy platforms of the Liberal and conservative parties, and political speeches from party leaders. The "choice" discourse was found to be dominant in the majority of texts examined. A dominant discourse is one that is created and sustained by those with power thus contributing to hegemony in society. Three textual and discourse processes were found to legitimize the "choice" discourse and contribute to its dominance: rationalization, nominalization and conversationalization. It is suggested that the language used in public documents throughout this election and the subsequent dominance of the "choice" discourse may have had a significant impact on citizens' understanding and appreciation of the complexities of the ECEC issue. ; Richardson, B., & University of Toronto. Childcare Resource and Research Unit. (2011). A matter of choice: A critical discourse analysis of ECEC policy in canada's 2006 federal election Childcare Resource and Research Unit.
Настоящая статья посвящена дальнейшему совершенствованию Главы 22 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. Поскольку изменений, внесенных законодателем в указанную Главу в 2010 г., оказалось недостаточно, учеными стали выдвигаться новые предложения, направленные на ее дальнейшее совершенствование. Принимая во внимание данные предложения, автором выдвигаются и собственные предложения, направленные на совершенствование рассматриваемой главы Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. ; Amendments and additions to Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 2010 appeared to be insufficient for its improvement. The decriminalisation of illegal enterprise is proposed as one of the ways for further improvement of Chapter (Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the RF). Simultaneously with this approach, the decriminalisation of illegal bank activity is also set forth (Article 172 of the Criminal Code of the RF). Instead, it is proposed to establish criminal responsibility only for illegal income. Moreover, it is supposed to put forward the decriminalisation of "self-money laundering" (Article 174-1 of the Criminal Code of the RF), and malicious evasion from repayment of creditor debts (Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the RF). For the development of the Chapter it is important to make changes in the disposition of articles 178, 193,195-197 as in the present edition, these norms are not practically applicable. Furthermore, the next step towards the improvement of Chapter 22, which is necessary to consider, is bringing legal entities to criminal responsibility for the commission of crimes in the sphere of economic activity, and they should be criminally responsible in accordance with foreign criminal law rules. For legal and criminal measures to be taken towards legal entities, it is essential to view caution, fine, deprivation of license on work, deprivation of the right in specified activities, liquidation of a legal entity. The improvement of Chapter 22 is expected to have a revision of the system of sanctions applied to individuals as well. At present, for economic crimes, individuals are often given custodial sentences, which is contradictory to the reform of the penal system in the Russian Federation targeted at reducing the number of offenders sentenced to imprisonment. A sanction that can be an alternative to custodial sentence, a fine, should be viewed. Although a fine is available in the sanctions of legal norms in Chapter 22, the amount of a fine is insufficient. Thus, it is obvious to conduct revision of those amounts. The confiscation of property can also be viewed as an alternative to custodial sentence. Due to forfeiture, a convicted person completely loses income and property received from crime in the sphere of economic activity. In the present edition of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, property confiscation is not a criminal penalty but it is another measure of criminal law, on the ground of that, the existing criminal law lacks the most effective kind of punishment. Therefore, forfeiture must be a criminal punishment. The process of developing Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation involves both the criminalization of new offences that are unknown to the domestic legislature but prohibited by foreign criminal law and the decriminalisation of acts that have lost their former social danger.
Màster Oficial en Construcció i Representació d'Identitats Culturals (CRIC), curs 2010-2011. ; Postmodern literature has been frequently associated with political detachment from historical realities. The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze Junot Díaz's "The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao" (2007) as a postmodern novel that not only proposes political engagement, but also demands from the reader a critical response to the atrocities carried out in the name of Eurocentric notions of the other. This study of the novel's postmodern formal and aesthetic devices tries to draw conclusions as to the author's questioning of the nature of (author)ity and the ways in which (author)itarianism has traditionally operated as the main political resource from Columbus's "discovery" of America until Bush's "War on Terror." Furthermore, this dissertation exposes the novel's questioning of the ideological basis of Latin American dictatorships (the Trujillato in the Dominican Republic), genocide, slavery and the systematic exploitation of native populations.
Some believe that Pope Benedict XVI approaches interfaith relations more from the point of view of social, cultural and political cooperation than that of theological dialogue. This approach is deemed unsatisfactory by Daniel Madigan, an eminent speaker on interfaith matters. Madigan suggests that interreligious dialogue must be theological if it is to lead peoples of different faiths into deeper relationship with one another. This article will seek to illustrate the importance of this approach by a return to the thought of St Thomas Aquinas, considered by many to be the greatest medieval theologian. Serious dialogue with those of other faiths is not something new. Thomas engaged with thinkers from all traditions to whom he had access–Muslim, Jewish, pagan. His work shows not a fear of a diminution of his own faith through engagement with the "other" but an attempt to deepen it through the "others" experience of the Divine. Focusing specifically on his engagement with the Jewish people, Aquinas' thoughts on the complex issues of predestination and election will be presented, with particular attention being given to his Commentary on Romans. The image of God with which he works shall be identified as key to his dialogue. It is the suggestion of this article that the image of God, of the Divine, with which one works is central to all engagement in interreligious dialogue, and herein may lie some of our problems, as well as rich potential for fruitful, truthful engagement.