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"This book critically evaluates the rise of the far-right in Greece, detailing the legal context in which to understand both the emergence of Golden Dawn, the far-right's largest grouping, and the 2020 court decision, in which it was deemed to be a criminal organization. Golden Dawn was a political party which, for years, also functioned as a violent subculture movement, with limited to no interference by the state. This book sets out the background to its rise in Greece, tracing its development from the post-Junta era. At the same time, the book provides an assessment of the legal framework within which the far-right has operated, and the legal tools available to tackle it - including criminal law, non-discrimination law, the laws governing political parties and the public order framework, and the country's international and European obligations. Golden Dawn functioned as both a political party and violent entity until its leadership and parliamentary members were found guilty of leading and participating in a criminal organization. This book demonstrates that the state of impunity in which Golden Dawn's violent hit squads functioned was both a facilitating factor for its rise, and potentially for its demise, as the group potentially felt untouchable. And its attention to how Greek Law has tackled, and failed to tackle, Golden Dawn offers a timely and more generally useful assessment of how legislation, courts and policies can best challenge the far-right. This book will be of interest to those teaching and studying in law and politics, as well as more others, concerned with the rise of the far right and violent organizations, especially in Europe"--

Since the Second World War, the international community has sought to prevent the repetition of destructive far-right forces by establishing institutions such as the United Nations and by adopting documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Jurisprudence and conventions directly prohibit far-right speech and expression. Nevertheless, recently, violent far-right entities, such as Golden Dawn of Greece, have received unprecedented electoral support, xenophobic parties have done spectacularly well in elections; and countries such as Hungary and Poland are being led by right-wing populists who are bringing constitutional upheaval and violating basic elements of doctrines such as the rule of law. In light of this current reality, this book critically assesses the international and European tools available for States to regulate the far-right. It conducts the analysis through a militant democracy lens. This doctrine has been considered in several arenas as a concept more generally; in the sphere of the European Convention on Human Rights; in relation to particular freedoms, such as that of association; and as a tool for challenging the far-right movement through the spectrum of political science. However, this doctrine has not yet been applied within a legal assessment of challenging the far-right as a single entity. After analysing the aims, objectives, scope and possibility of shortcomingsin international and European law, the book looks at what state obligations arise from these laws. It then assesses how freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association and freedom of assembly are provided for in international and European law and explores what limitation grounds exist which are directly relevant to the regulation of the far-right. The issue of the far-right is a pressingone on the agenda of politicians, academics, civil society and other groups in Europe and beyond. As such, this book will appeal to those with an interest in International, European or Human rights Law and political science.

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 1.1 Hate Speech in the EU and the C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Project -- 1.2 Regulating Hate Speech in the EU -- 1.3 Hate Speech in the Online Setting -- 1.4 The C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Research Workstream -- References -- 2 The C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Methodological Approach -- 2.1 Harvesting and Analysing Online Comments to News Reports -- 2.2 Approximating Perceptions of Hate -- References -- 3 Analysis of Online Comments to News Reports -- 3.1 Categorisation and Defence Strategies -- 3.2 Stereotyping Vulnerable Groups -- 3.3 From 'Patriotism' to Hate: Axiological Urgency in Online Comments Related to Refugees -- 3.4 Metaphors Related to Othering the Non-natives -- 3.5 The Implicit Dimension of Discriminatory Discourse -- 3.6 Changing Participant Roles in the Expression of Hate Speech -- References -- 4 Young People's Perception of Hate Speech -- 4.1 Youth and Hate Speech in the (Mediatised) Public Sphere -- 4.2 Resistance Against Hate Speech: Generation 'Snowflake' or Generation 'Woke'? -- 4.3 Folk Characterisations of Hate Speech -- 4.4 Thoughts on Regulating Hate Speech -- 4.5 It All Depends on Who Discrimination Targets -- 4.6 The Conceptual Contiguity of Race and Religion -- 4.7 Hate Speech and the Communication Medium -- 4.8 Hate Speech, Cyberbullying and Online Anonymity -- References -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References.