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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Agricultural Policy Changes, GATT Negotiations, and the U.S.-E.C. Agricultural Trade Conflict -- PART ONE U.S.-E.C. TRADE RELATIONS IN A CHANGING GLOBAL CONTEXT -- 2 U.S.-E.C. Trade Relations in a Changing Global Context -- Discussion -- PART TWO U.S. AGRICULTURAL AND TRADE POLICIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.-E.C.AGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS -- 3 U.S. Domestic Policy and U.S.-E.C. Trade -- Discussion -- 4 Agricultural Trade Relations Between the United States and the European Community: Recent Events and Current Policy -- Discussion -- PART THREE CHANGES IN THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.-E.C. AGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS -- 5 Nature and Causes of CAP: Changes in the 1980s and a Tentative Exploration of Potential Scenarios -- Discussion -- 6 The CAP Reform and E.C.-U.S. Relations: The GATT as a Cap on the CAP -- Discussion -- 7 The CAP in a Growing E.C. and in a Rapidly Changing European Political Scenario: Its Implications for U.S.-E.C. Agricultural Trade Relations -- Discussion -- PART FOUR GATT NEGOTIATIONS AND NORTH AMERICAN-EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS -- 8 The U.S.-E.C. Confrontation in the GATT from a U.S.Perspective: What Did We Learn? -- Discussion -- 9 The U.S.-E.C. Confrontation in the GATT from an E.C.Perspective: What Did We Learn? -- Discussion -- 10 U.S.-E.C. Farm Trade Confrontation: An Outsider's View -- Discussion -- PART FIVE U.S.-E.C. AGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? -- 11 U.S.-E.C. Agricultural Trade Relations:Where Do We Go from Here? -- PART SIX ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONS IN AGRICULTURAL POLICY CHANGES AND NORTH AMERICAN-EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL TRADE RELATIONS -- 12 GATT and CAP Reform: Different, Similar, or Redundant?.

Bananas have been some of the most sensitive goods in the negotiations on regional trade agreements between the European Union (EU) and the Andean countries, as well as those between the EU and Central American countries. As the largest exporter, Ecuador plays a critical role in setting world prices for the fruit. The EU, on the other hand, as the largest importer of bananas drives demand. An agreement between these two parties is likely to have significant impacts on the world market for bananas and the related development challenges .

5 19 3 6 ; SWORD ; [EN] The paper shows how analyses assuming perfect competition can yield a distorted estimation of the expected effects of a trade liberalization when market imperfections exist. The analytical framework adopted is very simple and three extreme imperfect market structures are considered. In the first case, the exporting country maximizes its producer and consumer surplus by intervening in the world market. The second market imperfection considered is the existence of a private firm playing the role of «pure middleman» in the world market. Then the case of a producer-owned marketing board which is granted exclusive export authority is addressed. It is shown that estimates of the impact of a tariff reduction in terms of prices and volume traded obtained assuming perfect competition when this postulate does not hold, are distorted. When domestic demand and supply functions are assumed to be linear, the impact is overestimated; a ranking of the size of such distortions in the three cases analyzed is provided. When no restriction is imposed on the demand and supply functions, the error in the estimated impact of a tariff reduction involves the magnitude as well as the sign of the expected changes in prices and volume traded. Finally, it is proved that when a private firm exerts monopoly and monopsony power in the world market, both the importing and the exporting countries may well be better off if, rather than making a move towards trade liberalization, the importing country «compensates» the exporting country by means of a direct transfer. Anania, G. (2003). Gains from trade liberalization with imperfectly competitive world markets. A note. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 3(6):5-19. doi:10.7201/earn.2003.06.01 ; [ES] El artículo muestra cómo los análisis que incorporan el supuesto de competencia perfecta pueden proporcionar una estimación distorsionada de los efectos esperados de una liberalización del comercio en presencia de imperfecciones de ...

International audience ; Empirical spatial models of trade that are based on a mathematical programming specification often exhibit a large discrepancy between the equilibrium solution and the observed demand, supply and levels of trade flows among countries. This discrepancy may be due to several causes. Assuming, however, that a trade model is not misspecified - in the sense that all the countries involved in the specific commodity trade have been included in the study and that the relevant policy instruments have been taken into account - the cause of discrepancy may be traced either to imprecision of unit transaction costs or to imprecision in the measurement of the demand and supply functions' parameters, or both. Policy assessments based on this type of imprecise models may be unsatisfactory. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating trade models of increasing complexity which are capable of generating solutions that reproduce the commodity trade flows observed in a given base year among all countries. These models may serve as a springboard for assessing the impact of various policies on demand, supply, prices, trade flows, benefits and losses in the countries under study. ; Les modèles spatiaux de commerce empiriques qui sont basés sur une spécification de programmation mathématique présentent souvent des différences importantes entre la solution d'équilibre et l'offre et la demande et les niveaux de flux commerciaux observés entre nations. Ces différences peuvent être imputables à divers facteurs. Si on suppose que le modèle de commerce est bien spécifié - au sens que tous les pays impliqués dans le commerce d'un produit particulier ont été inclus dans l'analyse et que les politiques ont été prises en compte - la source des divergences peut être attribuée aux imprécisions soit dans les coûts de transaction unitaire soit dans les paramètres des fonctions d'offre et de demande ou les deux à la fois. Les évaluations de politique basées sur ce type de modèle imprécis ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Cet ...

International audience ; Empirical spatial models of trade that are based on a mathematical programming specification often exhibit a large discrepancy between the equilibrium solution and the observed demand, supply and levels of trade flows among countries. This discrepancy may be due to several causes. Assuming, however, that a trade model is not misspecified - in the sense that all the countries involved in the specific commodity trade have been included in the study and that the relevant policy instruments have been taken into account - the cause of discrepancy may be traced either to imprecision of unit transaction costs or to imprecision in the measurement of the demand and supply functions' parameters, or both. Policy assessments based on this type of imprecise models may be unsatisfactory. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating trade models of increasing complexity which are capable of generating solutions that reproduce the commodity trade flows observed in a given base year among all countries. These models may serve as a springboard for assessing the impact of various policies on demand, supply, prices, trade flows, benefits and losses in the countries under study. ; Les modèles spatiaux de commerce empiriques qui sont basés sur une spécification de programmation mathématique présentent souvent des différences importantes entre la solution d'équilibre et l'offre et la demande et les niveaux de flux commerciaux observés entre nations. Ces différences peuvent être imputables à divers facteurs. Si on suppose que le modèle de commerce est bien spécifié - au sens que tous les pays impliqués dans le commerce d'un produit particulier ont été inclus dans l'analyse et que les politiques ont été prises en compte - la source des divergences peut être attribuée aux imprécisions soit dans les coûts de transaction unitaire soit dans les paramètres des fonctions d'offre et de demande ou les deux à la fois. Les évaluations de politique basées sur ce type de modèle imprécis ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Cet article présente une méthodologie pour calibrer les modèles spatiaux de commerce d'une complexité croissante capable de générer des solutions qui reproduisent les flux de commerce observés pour une année donnée entre tous les pays. Ces modèles peuvent servir pour évaluer l'impact de diverses politiques sur la demande, l'offre, les prix, les flux de commerces et le bien-être des pays analysés.

Working Paper AgFoodTrade ; 2009-10 ; Empirical spatial models of trade that are based on a mathematical programming specification often exhibit a large discrepancy between the equilibrium solution and the observed demand, supply and levels of trade flows among countries. This discrepancy may be due to several causes. Assuming, however, that a trade model is not misspecified - in the sense that all the countries involved in the specific commodity trade have been included in the study and that the relevant policy instruments have been taken into account - the cause of discrepancy may be traced either to imprecision of unit transaction costs or to imprecision in the measurement of the demand and supply functions' parameters, or both. Policy assessments based on this type of imprecise models may be unsatisfactory. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating trade models of increasing complexity which are capable of generating solutions that reproduce the commodity trade flows observed in a given base year among all countries. These models may serve as a springboard for assessing the impact of various policies on demand, supply, prices, trade flows, benefits and losses in the countries under study. ; Les modèles spatiaux de commerce empiriques qui sont basés sur une spécification de programmation mathématique présentent souvent des différences importantes entre la solution d'équilibre et l'offre et la demande et les niveaux de flux commerciaux observés entre nations. Ces différences peuvent être imputables à divers facteurs. Si on suppose que le modèle de commerce est bien spécifié - au sens que tous les pays impliqués dans le commerce d'un produit particulier ont été inclus dans l'analyse et que les politiques ont été prises en compte - la source des divergences peut être attribuée aux imprécisions soit dans les coûts de transaction unitaire soit dans les paramètres des fonctions d'offre et de demande ou les deux à la fois. Les évaluations de politique basées sur ce type de modèle imprécis ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Cet article présente une méthodologie pour calibrer les modèles spatiaux de commerce d'une complexité croissante capable de générer des solutions qui reproduisent les flux de commerce observés pour une année donnée entre tous les pays. Ces modèles peuvent servir pour évaluer l'impact de diverses politiques sur la demande, l'offre, les prix, les flux de commerces et le bien-être des pays analysés.

Empirical spatial models of trade that are based on a mathematical programming specification often exhibit a large discrepancy between the equilibrium solution and the observed demand, supply and levels of trade flows among countries. This discrepancy may be due to several causes. Assuming, however, that a trade model is not misspecified - in the sense that all the countries involved in the specific commodity trade have been included in the study and that the relevant policy instruments have been taken into account - the cause of discrepancy may be traced either to imprecision of unit transaction costs or to imprecision in the measurement of the demand and supply functions' parameters, or both. Policy assessments based on this type of imprecise models may be unsatisfactory. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating trade models of increasing complexity which are capable of generating solutions that reproduce the commodity trade flows observed in a given base year among all countries. These models may serve as a springboard for assessing the impact of various policies on demand, supply, prices, trade flows, benefits and losses in the countries under study. ; Les modèles spatiaux de commerce empiriques qui sont basés sur une spécification de programmation mathématique présentent souvent des différences importantes entre la solution d'équilibre et l'offre et la demande et les niveaux de flux commerciaux observés entre nations. Ces différences peuvent être imputables à divers facteurs. Si on suppose que le modèle de commerce est bien spécifié - au sens que tous les pays impliqués dans le commerce d'un produit particulier ont été inclus dans l'analyse et que les politiques ont été prises en compte - la source des divergences peut être attribuée aux imprécisions soit dans les coûts de transaction unitaire soit dans les paramètres des fonctions d'offre et de demande ou les deux à la fois. Les évaluations de politique basées sur ce type de modèle imprécis ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Cet article présente une méthodologie pour calibrer les modèles spatiaux de commerce d'une complexité croissante capable de générer des solutions qui reproduisent les flux de commerce observés pour une année donnée entre tous les pays. Ces modèles peuvent servir pour évaluer l'impact de diverses politiques sur la demande, l'offre, les prix, les flux de commerces et le bien-être des pays analysés.

Working Paper AgFoodTrade ; 2009-10 ; Empirical spatial models of trade that are based on a mathematical programming specification often exhibit a large discrepancy between the equilibrium solution and the observed demand, supply and levels of trade flows among countries. This discrepancy may be due to several causes. Assuming, however, that a trade model is not misspecified - in the sense that all the countries involved in the specific commodity trade have been included in the study and that the relevant policy instruments have been taken into account - the cause of discrepancy may be traced either to imprecision of unit transaction costs or to imprecision in the measurement of the demand and supply functions' parameters, or both. Policy assessments based on this type of imprecise models may be unsatisfactory. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating trade models of increasing complexity which are capable of generating solutions that reproduce the commodity trade flows observed in a given base year among all countries. These models may serve as a springboard for assessing the impact of various policies on demand, supply, prices, trade flows, benefits and losses in the countries under study. ; Les modèles spatiaux de commerce empiriques qui sont basés sur une spécification de programmation mathématique présentent souvent des différences importantes entre la solution d'équilibre et l'offre et la demande et les niveaux de flux commerciaux observés entre nations. Ces différences peuvent être imputables à divers facteurs. Si on suppose que le modèle de commerce est bien spécifié - au sens que tous les pays impliqués dans le commerce d'un produit particulier ont été inclus dans l'analyse et que les politiques ont été prises en compte - la source des divergences peut être attribuée aux imprécisions soit dans les coûts de transaction unitaire soit dans les paramètres des fonctions d'offre et de demande ou les deux à la fois. Les évaluations de politique basées sur ce type de modèle imprécis ne sont pas ...

Agricultural trade, always a source of international friction, will remain a contentious issue in the years to come. The GATT agreement achieved only partial trade liberalization; recognizing this, the agreement calls for a continuation of the negotiation process to achieve the long-run goal of a substantial reduction in agricultural support and protection. In any case, it is clear that U.S.-European Union (EU) agricultural trade relations will remain central to any future negotiation. In this volume, leading experts present a comprehensive set of analyses of the U.S.-EU agricultural trade conflict. The discussions provide a unique perspective on the U.S.-EU agricultural trade confrontation in recent years and offer insights into both the final GATT agreement and forthcoming agricultural issues. Presenting a broad historical context, the book focuses on changes in U.S. and European trade and agricultural policies, looking at the implications of these changes for bilateral relations and global agricultural markets. Providing U.S., EU, and third-party perspectives, the contributors analyze the negotiation process in the Uruguay Round of the GATT. Finally, the book explores several additional dimensions of the U.S.-EU agricultural trade conflict, including the consequences of the EU integration and enlargement processes, the environmental impact of the Union's agricultural policies, and the mechanisms and forces that determine agricultural policy formation in both the United States and in Europe