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WOS:000543551500003 ; The prosperity, stability, and socio-economic balance observed throughout Ottoman history was largely sustained by several key institutions developed in accordance with emerging challenges of the time whilst functioning effectively. Both the Ottoman economic mindset and impact of those institutions on the socio-economic and financial development cannot be ignored. In addition to other significant economic, social and political institutions, the waqf (charitable endowments) played a crucial role in Ottoman society and contributed to the supply of primary social needs, whether related to education, finance, health, economy, infrastructure or social stability. This article seeks to explore the role of waqfs, especially cash waqfs throughout 15th -19th century Ottoman Europe. It concludes that the investment of those waqf-based charity institution in religious, educational, health, and socio-economic sectors allowed for invaluable contributions in social spheres and public welfare in addition to playing a crucial role in the economic and financial stability and sustainability of the Ottoman society over long periods of time.

WOS:000541645100002 ; This paper seeks to explore the fundamental objectives and differences between the economic outlooks and policies of the Ottomans and western capitalist nations in the early modern period. As western European powers expanded their commercial trade worldwide, the Ottoman Empire simultaneously extended its influence east and west. However, the objectives, priorities and policies shaping both expansions were strikingly different. The Ottomans encouraged diverse commercial activities and traded with both Muslim and non-Muslim merchants within and beyond the Empire, who only needed to comply to several capitulations enforced by Ottoman authorities but were otherwise fully encouraged to enter the Ottoman market. The principal European mercantile communities were predominantly Dutch, British and French, and were not differentiated by political and economic policies. Their economic activities were rather supportive of the Ottoman economic priorities. However, the serious competition and consequently conflicts increased among western mercantilist nations in their commercial and economic activities in the territories of the Empire. This paper concludes that while Ottoman trade activities largely focused largely on human welfare, western mercantilists instead concentrated on profitability with the aim of "homo-economicus".

The prosperity, stability, and socio-economic balance observed throughout Ottoman history was largely sustained by several key institutions developed in accordance with emerging challenges of the time whilst functioning effectively. Both the Ottoman economic mindset and impact of those institutions on the socio-economic and financial development cannot be ignored. In addition to other significant economic, social and political institutions, the waqf (charitable endowments) played a crucial role in Ottoman society and contributed to the supply of primary social needs, whether related to education, finance, health, economy, infrastructure or social stability. This article seeks to explore the role of waqfs, especially cash waqfs throughout 15th-19th century Ottoman Europe. It concludes that the investment of those waqf-based charity institution in religious, educational, health, and socio-economic sectors allowed for invaluable contributions in social spheres and public welfare in addition to playing a crucial role in the economic and financial stability and sustainability of the Ottoman society over long periods of time. Keywords: Balkan, cash Waqf, development, endowment, Islamic finance, Ottoman civilization, Ottoman economy. Cite as: Bulut, M. (2020). Civilization, economy and waqf in Ottoman Europe. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 48-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp48-67

Rector of Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University ; Batı Avrupalı uluslar XV. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Asya, Afrika ve Amerika kıtalarında giderek iktisadi alandaki etkinliklerini arttırdılar. Bu süreçte merkantilizmden liberal ve sosyalist iktisat anlayışlarına kadar Avrupa merkezli olarak ortaya çıkan modern iktisat bilimi de neredeyse tüm dünyayı etkiledi. Osmanlılar da tabiatıyla bu süreçten etkilendiler. Ancak erken modern dönemden başlamak üzere Avrupa merkezli bu modern iktisat anlayışına en anlamlı ve kuşatıcı alternatif tasavvurun Avrupalılarla komşu olan ve dünya ekonomisinde giderek etkili olan bu uluslarla ticari ve iktisadi alandaki ilişkilerini de arttırak devam ettiren Osmanlılar tarafından geliştirildiği söylenebilir. Bu makalede modern iktisat ve finans anlayışının ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi sürecinde Osmanlıların bu alandaki tasavvur ve yaklaşımları tartışılmaktadır. Osmanlıların bu alandaki birikiminin keşf ve tespitinin günümüz alternatif iktisat ve finans çalışmalarına önemli ve anlamlı bir açılım ve zenginlik katacağında şüphe yoktur ; Western European nations increased their economic activities in Asia, Africa and the Americas from the late 15th century onwards. Modern economics, from the mercantilism to the liberal and socialist economics, which emerged as Europe-centered, also influenced almost the whole world. The Ottomans were also naturally influenced from this process. However, it could be said that the most meaningful and encompassing alternative to this Eurocentric modern economic concept was introduced by the Ottomans, who continued to increase their commercial and economic relations with these nations, which were the neighboring to the Europeans. In this article, the ideas and approaches of the Ottomans in this area are discussed in the process of the emergence and development of modern economics and finance. There is no doubt that the discovery and detection of the heritage of the Ottomans in this area will have a significant and meaningful opening and richness in contemporary alternative economics and finance studies.

Coğrafi olarak medeniyetlerin kesişim noktasında bulunan Anadolu'da Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin devamı olarak bin yıllık bir mirasın varisi bulunan Türkiye topraklarında yaşayan insanlar ve devletler günümüze kadar bir çok iç ve dış tehdit ve saldırılarla karşılaştılar. Bu güne kadar tehlikenin derecesine göre millet genç yaşlı, kadın erkek el ele vererek birlik ve bütünlüğüne yönelik tehdit ve saldırıları bertaraf etmiştir. Çanakkale'de 1915 yılında böyle olmuştur. 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde olan da bundan farklı bir durum değildir. Şu kadar farkla ki yüz bir yıl önce Çanakkale önlerindeki düşmanlar açıktan ve dışarıdan saldırmışlardı. 15 Temmuz 2016 da ise saldıranlar dış destekli çukuluslu güçlerin devlet içinde gizlenmiş maşaları içerideki hain işbirlikçiler idi. Bu yazı, 15 Temmuzda "Asil Milletin" çok kısa sürede kendisine ve Büyük Türkiye'nin milli birlik ve bütünlüğüne yönelen tehdidini çok kısa sürede teşhis edip lideri etrafında bütünleşerek yazdığı destanın belli başlı dinamiklerini tarihi birikimi de esas alarak ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. ; The people and states living in the territory of Turkey, where Anatolia, located geographically at the intersection of civilizations, has an inheritance of a thousand years as a continuation of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires, experiences several internal and external threats and attacks. According to the level of danger until present times, gathering together the nation with its young and old, men and women eliminated the threats and attacks on national unity. This happened in Çanakkale in 1915. What happened on July 15, 2016 is no different. The main difference is that, the enemies in front of the Dardanelles attacked openly and from the outside a hundred years ago. On July 15, 2016, the attackers were traitors in the interior of the inner forces hidden in the state in collaboration with the support of multinational powers from outside. This paper aims to reveal the certain major dynamics of the epic written by the "Noble Nation" in July 15, integration behind his leader in a very short period of time, recognizing the threat of him and the national unity and integrity of Great Turkey based on historical heritage.

AbstractWhile the main aim of the economic policies of European nation‐states was to use the power of the state to promote trade and economic growth and to build up national industries and manufacture, the Ottoman Empire continued to follow its provisionist, fiscalist, and traditional economic policies of land expansion in the early modern period. In Western Europe, this experience gave birth to a new class that gradually improved its trade ability and expanding industries and markets under a capitalist system. The Ottoman imperial policy was mostly concerned about the continuity of strong central authority and land expansion, which never meant improving the industry or trade concerns. Instead, the economic policies of the Ottomans were subsistence of the people, provisioning the major population centers, collection of taxes, and maintaining freedom of trade. The balance and stability in society explain the priority for the Ottomans in the economy. However, commercialization and profit explain the priority for the Dutch nation in the economy. This article elaborates the economic views of the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire in the mercantilist ages.

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the role of the Ottomans and Dutch in the early commercial integration between the Levant and Atlantic in the seventeenth century. As an expanding trading nation in the world economy, the Dutch Republic played an important role in the commercial integration between the provinces of the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. The growth of Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the seventeenth century followed the growth of economic relations between the provinces of the Empire and Western Europe.Therefore, the two world economic systems, the Ottoman and Western European economy increasingly opened to each other. Le présent article examine les rôles respectifs des Ottomans et des Néerlandais dans le début de l'intégration commerciale entre le Levant et l'Océan Atlantique au XVIIème siècle. Nation commerciale en expansion dans l'économie mondiale, la République hollandaise a joué un rôle important dans l'intégration commerciale des provinces de l'Empire Ottoman à l'Europe Occidentale dans la même période. La croissance des relations économiques entre le monde ottoman et la Hollande au XVIIème siècle a suivi la progression des échanges entre l'Empire et l'Europe occidentale. En conséquence, les deux systèmes économiques du monde se sont de plus en plus ouverts l'un à l'autre.

Buildings account for approximately 40% of the energy demand and 33% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. Accordingly, there are several efforts that target energy efficiency in buildings both at the European and Swedish levels. The role of buildings in climate change mitigation, however, is not limited to energy savings. Buildings are expected to become key elements of the future smart energy systems by supplying and using energy in a more flexible way. Reducing the energy demand in buildings effectively and shifting the role of buildings in energy systems from 'passive' consumers to 'active' prosumers, however, require close interaction and cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors. Based on the data collected from interviews and a web survey, this doctoral thesis investigates the relationship between the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden at the inter-company level, presents key stakeholder views on smart energy features in buildings and investigates the opportunities and barriers for their adoption in Sweden and Hong Kong. The results of this thesis suggest a potential for improving the cooperation between the Swedish energy and buildings sectors, which was identified to be influenced by the following factors: district heating monopolies; energy efficiency efforts in the buildings sector; unsuccessful technology-neutrality of the building regulations; self-generation systems in buildings; and energy use patterns. Shifting the focus from self-gains to mutual gains appears crucial to strengthen the inter-sectoral cooperation, as there are several opportunities for achieving mutually beneficial solutions for the two sectors. This would, however, require significant changes in current practices and business models as well as the introduction of new technologies, which would allow for a more flexible energy supply and use. Accordingly, technologies that target flexible energy use in buildings are considered the most important smart energy features in buildings. The current high costs of technologies, such as home automation and smart electrical appliances, however, create the strongest barrier to adoption. Therefore, the introduction of new business and ownership models and the elimination of the institutional and regulatory barriers are crucial to achieve a wide-scale development of smart energy features in buildings. The results from Hong Kong suggest that institutional and regulatory barriers can particularly create strong hinders to the adoption of technologies. It is possible to achieve more sustainable energy systems, where buildings are active elements of networks that supply and use energy in a more flexible and 'smarter' way. Cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors can play a key role in the adoption of smart energy features in buildings and pave the way for the smart built environment of the future.

Climate change is one of the global challenges of our time. The energy sector is at the focus of the European efforts to combat climate change as it accounts for 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. Buildings, on the other hand, represent 40% of the energy use and 33% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union, giving the buildings sector also a key role in the European climate strategy. There are, at the same time, strong interdependencies between the energy and buildings sectors due to the high amount of energy used by buildings and their rising importance as active components in the future energy systems. These interdependencies do not only influence the investment decisions in the energy and buildings sectors, but also the effectiveness of the European climate strategy. Cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors can create beneficial outcomes for the both sectors as well as the environment. It may also encourage innovation, improve the energy performance of buildings, and help achieve a higher penetration of renewable energy into the energy system. This licentiate thesis investigates the relationship between the energy and buildings sector at the inter-company level. Presenting the data collected from interviews and a web survey answered by the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden, this thesis examines the level of cooperation between these two sectors, discusses trust issues between stakeholders, presents the factors that negatively impact cooperation, and provides recommendations for the minimisation of these factors. The findings presented in this thesis indicate an insufficient level of cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors in Sweden, to which the following factors have been identified to contribute in a negative a way: district heating monopolies; energy efficiency in buildings; building regulations; self-generation of electricity; and energy use patterns. The emphasis on self-interest by stakeholders within the both sectors appears to create trust issues between stakeholders. Accordingly, shifting the focus from self-gains to mutual gains is deemed necessary to improve the cooperation between the energy and buildings sectors. This, however requires significant changes in current practices and business models. It has been identified that the development of smart energy systems that allow a closer interaction between the energy and buildings sectors through flexible energy supply and use would minimise many of the factors that negatively impact cooperation. ; Klimatförändringen är en av de stora globala utmaningar vi står inför. I Europa läggs idag stort fokus på energisektorn, som står för 80 procent av det totala utsläppen av växthusgaser. Byggnader representerar 40 procent av energianvändningen och 33 procent av växthusutsläppen, vilket också ger byggsektorn en nyckelroll i den europeiska klimatstrategin. Samtidigt finns det starka beroendeförhållanden mellan energi- och byggsektorn på grund av den höga energianvändningen i byggnader och deras ökade betydelse som en aktiv komponent i det framtida energisystemet. Dessa beroendeförhållanden påverkar inte bara investeringsbeslut i de båda sektorerna, utan även effektiviteten i den europeiska klimatstrategin. Samarbete mellan energi- och byggsektorn kan få positiva effekter för både dem själva såväl som för miljön. Samarbete mellan sektorerna kan även uppmuntra innovation, förbättra energieffektiviteten i byggnader och tillåta en högre användning av förnyelsebar energi i energisystemet. Denna licentiatavhandling utforskar förhållandet mellan energi- och byggsektorn på företagsnivå genom att analysera data som samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer och en webbaserad enkät. Intervjuer och enkäter har besvarades av både energi- och byggsektorerna i Sverige. Denna avhandling studerar nivån av samarbete mellan de två sektorerna, diskuterar problem gällande förtroende mellan intressenter, presenterar de identifierade faktorer som försvårar samarbete och ger rekommendationer för att minimera dessa. Resultatet visar på en otillräcklig nivå av samarbete mellan energi- och byggsektorerna i Sverige. De faktorer som försvårar samarbetet är följande: fjärrvärmemonopol; energieffektivitet i byggnader; byggregler, egenproduktion av el och användarmönster. Naturligt finns ett egenintresse hos olika intressenter inom de båda sektorerna, och detta tycks ha skapat ett förtroendeproblem mellan de olika sektorerna Att byta fokus från egen vinning till gemensamma mål bedöms vara nödvändigt för att öka samarbetet mellan energi- och byggsektorerna. Detta fodrar dock stora förändringar både i nuvarande verksamhet samt i affärsmodellerna. Det har påvisats att utvecklandet av smarta energisystem som tillåter en större interaktion mellan energi- och byggsektorerna genom flexibel energiförsörjning och användning skulle minimera många av de faktorer som inverkar negativt på samarbetet.

The present volume, comprising of fourteen chapters by contributions of various distinguished Turkish, Albanian and Macedonian academicians, is yet another work towards understanding the Turkish-Albanian-Macedonian relations by looking at the past, examining the present and assuming the future--Backcover

Balkanlar, Osmanlıların şehir ve medeniyet tasavvurunu uygulamaya koyduğu bölge olmuştur. Osmanlıları bu bölgede kalıcı kılan en önemli saik ise vakıf kurumu olmuştur. Kökeni çok eskilere dayanan vakıf, İslâm medeniyetinin ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin en önemli kurumlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu minvalde, Osmanlı Devleti'nin sosyal ve ekonomik yapısını anlamak için vakıf sistemini analiz etmek gerekir. Bu amaçla, Balkanlardan seçilen iki şehrin mukayeseli bir şekilde analizi çalışmanın temelini teşkil edecektir. Bu çalışmada, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, Yunanistan Makedonya Tarih Arşivi ve Sofya Milli Kütüphane arşivlerinden tespit edilen vakıf belgeleri ışığında Selanik ve Sofya şehirlerinde inşa edilen kültürel alanlara ait vakıf eserlerin ve icra edilen hizmetlerin mukayeseli incelemesi yapılacaktır.