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Peter Hall's 1993 article came at the same time as a parallel body of literature was developing, some building explicitly, some only implicitly, on similar ideas. I review some literature on policy communities, ideas, and the nature of policy change before exploring the statistical distribution of budget changes at three levels of aggregation. The similarity of these results suggests that a single process may be at work rather than different processes for first-, second-, and third-order change, as Hall's original formulation has it. As Hall suggests, these processes typically generate only marginal adjustments but occasionally create fundamental change. The degree of discredit to the status quo may be an important unexplored variable in explaining the ability of policy reformers to enact marginal, substantial, or fundamental policy changes. In sum, this article shows the similarities and mutual value of Hall's approach with others that would appear to be starkly contrasting. Adapted from the source document.

Peter Hall's 1993 article came at the same time as a parallel body of literature was developing, some building explicitly, some only implicitly, on similar ideas. I review some literature on policy communities, ideas, and the nature of policy change before exploring the statistical distribution of budget changes at three levels of aggregation. The similarity of these results suggests that a single process may be at work rather than different processes for first‐, second‐, and third‐order change, as Hall's original formulation has it. As Hall suggests, these processes typically generate only marginal adjustments but occasionally create fundamental change. The degree of discredit to the status quo may be an important unexplored variable in explaining the ability of policy reformers to enact marginal, substantial, or fundamental policy changes. In sum, this article shows the similarities and mutual value of Hall's approach with others that would appear to be starkly contrasting.

In this Top Twenty Commentaries section of the Centennial Issues of the journal, the author reviews the highly cited article Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States(1969) by Jack L. Walker. A personal narrative traces the relationship of the reviewer to Jack Walker, Walkers combative & provocative Critique of the Elitist Theory, & Origins & Maintenance that aimed at group mobilization. The article Diffusion is asserted to have launched an entirely new field of research, & attracted considerable attention from other disciplines. The later concern with "knowledge communities" is exemplified as typical of his approach to political science. Walker's unique creativity is related to his assignment to supervise an internship in the state capital, giving him time between meetings to develop an entirely new research paradigm, & the loss to the discipline by the car crash is acknowledged. References. J. Harwell