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An ageing population in Europe is currently putting pressure on long-term care services, creating demand for foreign workers. Using a life-course perspective, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of how life trajectories shape decisions about migration and employment in social care. Based on fifty-one life story interviews with migrant care workers in Norway and UK, two typologies are found: a Norwegian migrant life trajectory of downwards social mobility combined with settlement and a British trajectory combining stronger downwards social mobility with further migration. The article contributes to the discussion of contextualised migratory lives involving care work.

Norway has an international reputation as a representative of Scandinavian social democratic welfare regimes which strengthen their citizens' independence of the market and family. This picture can be challenged on the basis of an analysis of current changes in Norwegian long-term care policies and practices. Taking its departure from the different public/private distinctions unpacked by Jeff Weintraub, the article analyses the different ways Norwegian public long-term care services today relate to three different private forms. One is based on the liberal economic model and consists of a private care market. A second represents a classical individual-state approach and relates rather to the new consumer directed citizenship. A third approach is feminist inspired and relates to the impact of informal help on long-term care. In general, the discussion contributes to a more complex understanding of new forms of public/private relationships in the Scandinavian part of the world.

This article suggests it is important to confront independence, one of the key concepts of our time, with empirical analysis of how this is actually practised by individuals in their everyday life. Within social politics, the cash-for-care system is seen as a notable tool of independence because people receive cash instead of care in order to employ their own care workers. Using a cross-national case study of cash-for-care for disabled people in the UK and Norway the present article points at two different social political interpretations of independence and suggests that neither of them lead to independence in terms of control and that assistance without care is impossible. A narrative analysis rather reveals that the cultural narrative about independence can be in disharmony with disabled people's personal narratives about limited control and care and that this should lead to a replacement of the idea of independence with the praxis of interdependence.

This study examines California's nonprofit housing developers and the supports they need to address California's need to preserve and expand its supply of affordable housing. California's need for affordable housing is urgent. In 1990, over 2 million rental households (48% of all California renters) paid in excess of 30 percent of their income on housing. In 1995, 71% of very low income Californians paid more than 50% of their income on housing. Not only is housing scarce for poor renters, but it is often unaffordable. Affordable housing is generally measured as housing costing no more than 30% of a household's income. Although this is a generally acknowledged criterion, it is still important to note that this measure glosses over the variation among households. Thus, 30% of income for households with very low income doesn't leave significant resources for other needs, while the same does not hold true for middle and upper middle income households. In the face of this need, federal programs are scarcely funded or are being dismantled. The State of California has no urban programs and no policy for affordable housing other than Low Income Housing Tax Credits. California's nonprofits are operating against great odds in funding uncertainties and often face political antagonism as well. This research analyzes the state of the nonprofit housing sector in California with particular focus on understanding both California-wide trends and challenges as well as regional variations which have important implications for local, state, and federal policies addressing affordable housing. This report contains four major parts: a section on California's nonprofit housing developers, a report on San Francisco Bay Area nonprofits, a report on Southern California nonprofits, and a report on rural nonprofits.

Over the past 25 years, the creation of 150,000 new common interest communities has made 30,000,000 Americans members of "private governments." The spread of these common interest developments has created a quiet revolution in the structure of neighbor relations, local government, and land-use control. Stephen E. Barton's and Carol Silverman's, Common interest communities: Private governments and the public interest, offers us one of the first books addressing the complex nature of these increasingly widely-used i nstitutions.

"The Routledge Handbook of Social Care Work Around the World provides both a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of the current research in this subject. It is the first handbook to cover social care work research from around the world, including both low- and middle-income countries as well as high income countries.Each of the 22 chapters are written by experts on long-term care services, particularly for older people and cover key issues and debates, based on research evidence, on social care work in a specific country. They look at perspectives of social care work from the macro level: the structural conditions for long-term care, including demographic challenges and the long-term care policy, the meso level: the level of provider organizations and intermediaries, and the micro level: views of care workers, care users, and unpaid informal carers. Furthermore, they discuss a number of topics central to discussions of care work including marketization, personalization policies, policy implementation under austerity, the provision of social care work whether through public services, or private arrangements, or mixed types, funding, the feminization of social care and the new role that technology, and robots can play in care work.By drawing together leading scholars from around the world, this book provides an up to the minute snapshot of current scholarship as well as signposting several fruitful avenues for future research. This book is both an invaluable resource for scholars and an indispensable teaching tool for use in the classroom and will be of interest to students, academics, social workers, social policy-makers and human service professionals."--Provided by publisher

Long-term care services in Norway : a historical sociological perspective / Karen Christensen and Kari Warness -- Revisiting the public care model : the Danish case of free choice in home care / Tine Rostgaard -- Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities : the case of Swedish eldercare / Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely -- Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands : care work at stake / Barbara Da Roit -- The English social care workforce : the vexed question of low wages and stress / Shereen Hussein -- The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England / Kate Baxter -- The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France : between professionalization and fragmentation / Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan -- Care provision inside and outside the professional care system : the case of long-term care insurance in Germany / Hildegard Theobald -- Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria : benefits and risks for the long-term care system / August Osterle -- Migrant care workers in Italian households : recent trends and future perspectives / Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura -- Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic : institutions, families, and the market / Adaela Souralova and Eva Slesingerova-- Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care the case of post-communist Poland / Stanislawa Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta -- Long-term care in Turkey : challenges and opportunities / Sema Oglak -- The emergence of eldercare industry in China : progress and challenges / Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang -- Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea / Yongho Chon -- Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan : multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour / Li-Fang Liang -- Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation : familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan / Yayoi Saito -- Care robots in Japanese elderly care : cultural values in focus / Nobu Ishiguro -- Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States : a complex system of perverse incentives / Candace Howes -- Complexities, tensions, and promising practices : work in Canadian long-term residential care / Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly -- Reforms to long-term care in Australia : a changing and challenging landscape / Jane Mears -- Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready : the case of Argentina / Naelida Redondo.

The Routledge Handbook of Social Care Work Around the World- Front Cover -- The Routledge Handbook of Social Care Work Around the World -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Introduction -- About the handbook -- Care, care work, and social care -- Nordic long-term care: still the ideal model for the future? -- Northern and Western European long-term care: towards marketization and personalization, combined with professionalism variants and household migrants -- Eastern European long-term care: remaining post-communist impact? -- Between Europe and Asia: still admiring familialism? -- Asian long-term care: between marketization and the filial piety -- The North American way of approaching long-term care: through marketization and labour division -- Australia: following the model of consumer-directed long-term care -- Argentina: facing an ageing society with no state, market or civil society involvement -- The handbook: a contribution to the social sustainability discussion -- References -- PART I: Nordic countries -- Chapter 1: Long-term care services in Norway: a historical sociological perspective -- Introduction -- A historical sociological approach -- The roots of municipalization in Norway -- Expansion 1965-1980: developing a tension between medical and social orientation -- Reorganization 1980-1995: confronting traditional long-term care -- Effectivization 1995-2010: confronting the welfare idea with individualization -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Revisiting the public care model: the Danish case of free choice in home care -- Introduction -- Methodology -- The Danish long-term care system and rationale for introducing free choice -- Popularity and take-up of free choice of provider -- Implications of the choice model for users.

Long-term care services in Norway : a historical sociological perspective / Karen Christensen and Kari Warness -- Revisiting the public care model : the Danish case of free choice in home care / Tine Rostgaard -- Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities : the case of Swedish eldercare / Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely -- Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands : care work at stake / Barbara Da Roit -- The English social care workforce : the vexed question of low wages and stress / Shereen Hussein -- The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England / Kate Baxter -- The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France : between professionalization and fragmentation / Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan -- Care provision inside and outside the professional care system : the case of long-term care insurance in Germany / Hildegard Theobald -- Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria : benefits and risks for the long-term care system / August Osterle -- Migrant care workers in Italian households : recent trends and future perspectives / Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura -- Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic : institutions, families, and the market / Adéla Souralová and Eva Šlesingerová-- Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care the case of post-communist Poland / Stanislawa Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta -- Long-term care in Turkey : challenges and opportunities / Sema Oglak -- The emergence of eldercare industry in China : progress and challenges / Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang -- Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea / Yongho Chon -- Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan : multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour / Li-Fang Liang -- Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation : familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan / Yayoi Saito -- Care robots in Japanese elderly care : cultural values in focus / Nobu Ishiguro -- Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States : a complex system of perverse incentives / Candace Howes -- Complexities, tensions, and promising practices : work in Canadian long-term residential care / Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly -- Reforms to long-term care in Australia : a changing and challenging landscape / Jane Mears -- Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready : the case of Argentina / Nélida Redondo

Long-term care services in Norway : a historical sociological perspective / Karen Christensen and Kari Warness -- Revisiting the public care model : the Danish case of free choice in home care / Tine Rostgaard -- Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities : the case of Swedish eldercare / Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely -- Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands : care work at stake / Barbara Da Roit -- The English social care workforce : the vexed question of low wages and stress / Shereen Hussein -- The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England / Kate Baxter -- The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France : between professionalization and fragmentation / Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan -- Care provision inside and outside the professional care system : the case of long-term care insurance in Germany / Hildegard Theobald -- Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria : benefits and risks for the long-term care system / August Osterle -- Migrant care workers in Italian households : recent trends and future perspectives / Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura -- Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic : institutions, families, and the market / Adéla Souralová and Eva Šlesingerová -- Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care the case of post-communist Poland / Stanislawa Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta -- Long-term care in Turkey : challenges and opportunities / Sema Oglak -- The emergence of eldercare industry in China : progress and challenges / Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang -- Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea / Yongho Chon -- Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan : multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour / Li-Fang Liang -- Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation : familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan / Yayoi Saito -- Care robots in Japanese elderly care : cultural values in focus / Nobu Ishiguro -- Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States : a complex system of perverse incentives / Candace Howes -- Complexities, tensions, and promising practices : work in Canadian long-term residential care / Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly -- Reforms to long-term care in Australia : a changing and challenging landscape / Jane Mears -- Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready : the case of Argentina / Nélida Redondo