Suchergebnisse

In 2012 two men were lynched in Bolivia, first because there is an illicit market for Bolivian cultural objects, and second because a small, poor community turned to desperate measures to protect themselves from that illicit market due to the failings of national and international regulation. This paper is a case study of the reality of source-end regulation of an international criminal market in a developing country. I will discuss what is known about thefts from Bolivian churches, the international market for items stolen from these churches, and how such thefts are meant to be prevented on-the ground. Following this, I will present lynching in Bolivia as the most severe community response to the issues created by local politics, ineffectual policing, unenforceable laws, and a history of oppressive racism. I will conclude with a discussion of what we can reasonably hope to accomplish with source-end regulation.

Abstract In mid 2022, social media videos of an armed jewel heist during opening hours at the TEFAF art fair baffled the public. The thieves wore seemingly absurd costumes, and the art fair attendees only showed muted reactions to a violent and dramatic crime. Drawing on first-hand observational research at TEFAF before and after the heist, and on an extended observational methodology focused on the atmosphere of art commercial spaces, we argue that the affective atmosphere of the art fair had a direct influence both on how the thieves committed and how onlookers experienced crime. Within the art fair space, thieves conformed to art world conventions and fair attendees experienced dangerous events as being significantly less sinister. With this paper, we contribute to the growing concept of sensory criminology and the role that atmosphere and affect play in crime.

Lynching in Bolivia has been portrayed as a largely routinized and primarily urban occurrence that is a direct response to the state's inability to provide security. Using a recent case of rural lynching as a starting point, I will evaluate the idea of rural Bolivian lynching in Indigenous communities as vigilantism. I contrast what little is known about rural lynching in Bolivia to the known pattern of urban lynching and ask whether these are distinct phenomena. Finally, I discuss the idea of ancestral validation and the punishment rights implied by a western-style state sanctioning aspects of non-western justice. I ask, do our existing models for such extreme cases as fatal vigilantism exclude lynching in rural Indigenous Bolivian communities? At the heart of this discussion is how we define a cultural practice versus how we define deviance in a multicultural society; how we nest authority structures and how we afford them legitimate rights to the use of force and other extreme control measures.

Abstract:Although on-the-ground preservation and policing is a major component of our international efforts to prevent the looting and trafficking of antiquities, the expectation placed on source countries may be beyond their capacity. This dependence on developing world infrastructure and policing may challenge our ability to effectively regulate this illicit trade. Using case studies generated from fieldwork in Belize and Bolivia, this paper discusses a number of these challenges to effective policy and offers some suggestions for future regulatory development.

AbstractThe 2009 Bolivian Constitution significantly changed the structure of the state and paved the way for the creation of regional, local, and even indigenous autonomies. These autonomies are charged with the management of archaeological sites and museums within their territory. This article answers the question of who currently owns the Bolivian past, it stems from concerns raised at the 2011 renewal hearing of the Memorandum of Understanding preventing the import of illicit Bolivian antiquities into the United States. By combining an analysis of recent legal changes related to the creation of the autonomies and a short discussion of a notable case study of local management of a Bolivian archaeological site, this article offers a basic summary of the legal framework in which Bolivian archaeology and heritage management functions and some preliminary recommendations for governments and professionals wishing to work with Bolivian authorities at the state and local level.

Introduction -- Assay-ssination: Reflections on the Cost of Jewellery and Gem Crime -- Design crime in context: Mass-manufactured design, design-as-art, and Chandigarh's modernist furniture -- The Evolution of the Belgian Art and Antiques Unit -- Fossil trafficking, fraud, and fakery -- Illicit Excavations and Trade in Antiquities -- New Security Challenges at Museums and Historic Sites: The Case of Spain -- Revisiting the Looting of Site Q through Lidar: A Case Study of Illicit Digging in La Corona, Guatemala -- Securing Borders and Restraining the Illegal Movement of Cultural Property to, from, and within, the Island of Ireland -- Stealing Heritage in Canada -- The Theft of Your Soulmate: Motivations for the Theft of Rare Violins -- UNESCO Emergency Response "First-Aid" Heritage Interventions in Syria during Armed Conflict -- Yellow Journalism: Neutralisation techniques, media validation, and the Rothko vandal.

Intro -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I: Methods -- Transiting Through the Antiquities Market -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 3 Method -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 6 The Importance of Dealers -- 7 Using Social Network Analysis in Future Art Crime Research -- References -- Exploring Taste Formation and Performance in the Illicit Trade of Human Remains on Instagram -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Online Trade of Human Remains -- 2.1 Social Media Moderation -- 2.2 The Ethics of Social Media Research -- 3 A Methodology for Mapping Taste Performance -- 4 Teaching Machines to Understand Visual Similarity as Taste Performance -- 4.1 Building the Network -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Post Metadata -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- #antiquitiesdealers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Internet Antiquities Market -- 3 The Role of Antiquities Dealers -- 4 The Construction and Use of Dealer Persona -- 5 Dataset -- 6 Results -- 6.1 The Performance of Trust and Discretion -- 6.2 The Performance of Expertise -- 6.3 The Performance of Legitimate Relationships with the Past -- 6.4 The Performance of Professional Ethics -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluating the Transformative Potential of Photovoice for Research into the Global Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Academia´s Visual Turn -- 3 The Role of the Visual in Research into the Illicit Trade of Cultural Objects -- 4 Control, Collaboration, and Social Action: An Introduction to Photovoice -- 5 Potential Use of Photovoice for Research into Illicit Trade of Cultural Objects -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- A New Method of Forensic Archaeology -- 1 Helmet: The Background -- 2 Operations Helmet I and Helmet II -- 3 The Need to Locate the Origin of Archaeological Materials -- Legal Context in Spain -- 4 Criminology and Crime Maps.

Abstract
In this paper we present T. rex fossils as disruptive objects that can drastically influence the actions and reactions of humans that encounter them. We present a vision of the T. rex as being a key node within a web of human and object associations that ultimately produces, first, extreme desire in humans, and then a breakdown in human relationships resulting in disagreements, disputes, lawsuits, and the committing of crime. From there we bring these T. rex fossils into the concept of desirescape which sees a network of object/object and object/human reactions provoking irresistible desire in humans. We argue that this desire can push humans to violate law or social norms or, in several T. rex cases, sue each other. How then should we humans approach T. rex and other disruptive objects? Cautiously, and with the knowledge that these objects may be more powerful than we are.

Artefacts from Latin America are popular on international art markets, however their supply is closely linked to heritage crimes such as looting, illegal excavations, and theft. This results in a wide and ongoing circulation of artefacts with illicit origins, despite Latin American states claiming ownership. Regulation and policy responses are continuously developed to address the opaque market structures and criminal networks facilitating this illicit trade in Latin America, with policing as the first line of defence against heritage crimes. Despite increasing research into the illicit trafficking of cultural artefacts in the region, specific strategies and interregional cooperation within heritage crime policing in Latin America has rarely been discussed. Therefore, we examine the policing, prevention, and legislation tactics in twelve Latin American countries as a state-by-state survey, and provide an overview of the current regional and international collaborations concerning the policing of heritage crime. We conclude that there is significant collaboration between Latin American countries, but that improvements could be made regarding the number of dedicated specialists within police and government agencies. This lack of economic resources and specialists within relevant agencies has been recorded in locations beyond Latin America, and we assert that this is the primary weakness in regional and global efforts to police heritage crimes.

Abstract:Following Nepal's 2015 earthquake, there was speculation that sacred art would be looted from the ruins of severely damaged temples due to a breakdown in formal security. Although pillage did not immediately occur, the months following the earthquake have seen the theft of sacred heritage items. As Nepali sacred art remains under threat of theft, we explore the processes by which government intervention can be destructive of the community dynamic that maintains local crime prevention on an informal and unofficial level. Based on fieldwork conducted in Nepal shortly before and after the earthquake, we ask: can situational crime prevention measures, when imposed in a top-down fashion upon communities by state actors, be corrosive of collective efficacy and, therefore, ultimately self-defeating in crime prevention terms? The case of post-quake Nepal seems to suggest that the answer to this question is, in some circumstances, yes.

The study of crime and criminality in the art market has received increasing attention within criminology, however little has been written on the criminogenic values built into the structure of the art market. Despite increasing legislation to counteract instances of money laundering and fraud, the legal governance of the art market brings such ambiguity that actors in the market have formed their own responses to managing risk. In this article, we discuss how these actors rely on security bubbles and self-regulation and how this can have the unfortunate effect of adding to a criminogenic art market where white-collar crime is sustained. The dependence on self-policing created a field where powerful elites run things, and traditional policing agents have little purchase.