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This article uses organization theory and political economy to develop a conceptual framework, for analyzing factors that shape relations between government agencies and their social environment. The framework conceptualizes these relations as social networks composed of actors engaged in the exchange of resources. Then, it develops an understanding of how cultural norms shape these exchanges. The article concludes by examining the framework's normative implications. In particular, it explores when agency autonomy promotes effective policy implementation and when it results in unaccountability. It also demonstrates that, in many cases, an agency's dependence on actors in its environment may enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation.

Der Vergleich zweier öffentlicher Beschäftigungsprogramme (Maharashtra, Westbengalen) belegt: Effektive Armutsbekämpfung verlangt grundlegenden sozialen Wandel und daher Trennung der Implementierung von der die traditionelle Sozialstruktur repräsentierenden offiziellen Politik. (DSE/DÜI)

Drawing on organization theory & political economy, a framework for analyzing factors that shape relations between government agencies & their social environment is developed that conceptualizes these relations as social networks composed of actors engaged in the exchange of resources. The influence of cultural norms on these exchanges is considered, along with the framework's normative implications, exploring when agency autonomy promotes effective policy implementation & when it results in unaccountability. It is demonstrated that, in many cases, an agency's dependence on actors in its environment may enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation. 2 Figures, 105 References. Adapted from the source document.

The expense and administration of entitlement programmes usually are considered too burdensome for Third World countries. The author discusses an entitlement programme in Maharashtra - the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) - which entitles any rural resident of this state to a job and fulfils this guarantee by creating a system of public works designed to promote rural development. Bases of political support for the EGS. (DÜI-Sen)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Overview: The Giants and the West: From Threat to Opportunity -- The Essence of Being a Giant -- The Rise and Fall of the Centralization Impulse -- The Changing Global Environment and Pressures for Reform -- Obstacles to Reform -- Economic Reform and Political Change -- The Impending Transformation of International Relations -- The Interests of the West -- The West Can Play a Role -- Summaries of Chapter Recommendations -- 1. Economic Reform in the Soviet Union -- Crisis in the Soviet Economy -- The Decline of Economic Performance -- The Reform Framework -- The Reform Schedule -- Critical Sectors: Agriculture, Informatics, and Military Industry -- U.S.-Soviet Economic Relations and U.S. Policy Options -- 2. Issues in Chinese Economic Reform -- Introduction -- Ingredients of Reform -- Evaluating the Domestic Reforms -- The Opening to the West -- Conclusions -- 3. Economic Reform in India: A Long and Winding Road -- Economic Development Under The Old Regime -- Economic Reform Under Rajiv Gandhi -- Economic Reform and Indo U.S. Relations -- Conclusion -- 4. The Political Economy of Reform in the Three Giants -- Strategies for Political Reform -- Economic Reform and the Politics of Regional and Ethnic Tensions -- The Politics of Efficiency and Economic Security -- The Politics of Price Reform and Inflation -- The Politics of Opening Economies to Foreign Trade and Investment -- Conclusion -- 5. Science and Technology and Reform in the Giants -- Introduction -- Reform Strategies in the Giants -- U.S. Science and Technology Relations with the Giants -- Implications for the United States -- 6. The Geopolitical Consequences of Reform -- The Relationship Between Economic Reforms and Geopolitics -- Possible Influences of Domestic Reforms on the Geopolitical Situation