This article offers an analysis of different approaches to control walking in Stockholm in the inter-war period. Various social actors engaged in controlling pedestrians through legislation, police monitoring, educational campaigns and traffic control technologies. But the police, municipal engineers, local politicians and road user organizations differed in their aspirations to privilege motorists over pedestrians. While the inter-war period saw a shifting balance between pedestrians and motorists in Stockholm, the transition in terms of legitimate use of city streets was incomplete. Moreover, taking pedestrians' viewpoints into consideration, what many observers and motorists understood as rebellion against traffic rules or simply bad manners, many pedestrians found to be the safest way to cross the street.
This paper studies the effects of endogenous party formation on political platforms. It develops a model in which parties allow like-minded citizens to, first, share the cost of running in a public election and, second, coordinate on a policy platform. The paper characterizes the set of political equilibria with two competing parties and with one uncontested party. In two-party equilibria, the distance between both platforms is always positive but limited, in contrast to the median voter model and the citizen candidate model. In one-party equilibria, the median voter can be worse off than in all equilibria with two competing parties.
In Österreich fehlt es im Jahr 2018 - laut Wirtschaftskammer Österreich - an 162.000 Fachkräften. Tendenz steigend. Die wesentlichste Ursache für den Fachkräftemangel ist hierbei der demographische Wandel in Österreich, welcher erheblichen Einfluss auf den Arbeitsmarkt hat. Einer sinkenden Zahl an Berufseinsteigern steht demnach eine steigende Zahl an Berufsaussteigern gegenüber. Ein Trend, der sich in ganz Österreich beobachten lässt und ohne entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen weiterhin zunehmen wird. Resultierend daraus wird die Position Österreichs bei globalen Investitions- und Standortentscheidungen (Betriebsansiedelungen) geschwächt und die Staatskasse zunehmend belastet. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, wie immer weniger Erwerbstätige immer mehr Pensionisten, deren Lebenserwartung dazu noch kontinuierlich steigt, finanzieren sollen. Zusätzlich kommt es in Folge der abnehmenden Zahl an qualifizierten Arbeitskräften für Unternehmen in vielen Branchen zu Umsatz- und Qualitätseinbußen, was schlussendlich auch in sinkende Kundenzufriedenheit mündet und somit den Unternehmenserfolg beeinträchtigt. In Anbetracht der genannten Umstände werden in dieser Arbeit betriebliche sowie staatliche Gegenmaßnahmen vorgestellt und auf ihre Wirkung eruiert. Es wird erläutert, welche Instrumente der Politik zu Verfügung stehen, um Einfluss auf den Fachkräftemangel zu nehmen und diese dabei effektiv von Unternehmen unterstützt werden kann bzw. umgekehrt. Im Zuge dessen wird erläutert, wie die Lebensarbeitszeit von erwerbstätigen Personen erhöht werden kann und mit welchen Herausforderungen die Personalpolitik der Zukunft zu kämpfen haben wird.Die zentrale Fragestellung dieser Arbeit lautet: Wie sieht im Wechselspiel zwischen Staat und Unternehmen eine langfristige Lösung des Fachkräftemangels in Österreichs aus? ; According to the Austrian Economic Chamber, there is a shortage of 162,000 skilled workers in Austria in 2018 - and the trend is rising. The main reason for the shortage of skilled workers is the demographic change in Austria, which has a significant impact on the labour market. A falling number of young professionals is offset by an increasing number of retirements. A trend that can be observed throughout Austria and will continue to increase without appropriate countermeasures. As a result, Austria's position in global investment and location decisions (business settlements) is weakened and the treasury is increasingly burdened. This raises the question of how fewer and fewer employed persons should finance more and more pensioners, whose life expectancy is also continuously increasing. In addition, as a result of the decreasing number of qualified employees for companies in many industries, there is a loss of sales and quality, which ultimately also leads to decreasing customer satisfaction and thus affects the company's success. In view of the circumstances mentioned, operational and state countermeasures are presented in this work and their effects are determined. It will be explained which policy instruments are available to influence the shortage of skilled workers and how companies can effectively support them, and vice versa. In the course of this, it is shown how the working life of employed people can be increased and which challenges human resources policy will have to face in the future.The central question of this thesis is: How does a long-term solution of the shortage of skilled workers in Austria look like in the interplay between state and company? ; Emanuel Johann Kulterer, BA ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)4891320
Odlučivanje podrazumijeva odabir između nekoliko mogućih alternativa koji za cilj imaju donošenje odluke. Te alternative ovise o situacijama i tipu problema o kojem se odlučuje kao i interakciji s relevantnim utjecajnim čimbenicima pri donošenju odluke. Donošenje kvalitetne odluke uzima u obzir sva ograničenja u odlučivanju kako bi donositelji odluka izvršili racionalan izbor. Na odlučivanje utječu unutarnji i vanjski čimbenici. Unutarnji čimbenici podrazumijevaju osobni utjecaj pojedinca, emocije, stavove i razmišljanja dok vanjske čimbenike predstavljaju roditelji i obitelj, prijatelji i poznanici, država i institucionalne potpore, ekonomska situacija te utjecaj partnera. U proces racionalnog donošenja odluka potrebno je uključiti i vanjske i unutarnje čimbenike jer je njihova sinergija nužna za analitičko usklađenje racionalnog i intuitivnog razmišljanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza i sistematizacija svih tih utjecajnih čimbenika u situacijama donošenja odluka na primjeru opće populacije i beskućnika. Navedene hipoteze u ovom radu nastojati će se povezati s teorijskim postavkama s područja odlučivanja i racionalnosti te protumačiti eventualne različitosti ili odstupanja očekivanja od rezultata. ; Decision-making involves choosing between several possible alternatives which have decision-making as the goal. These alternatives depend on the situation, the type of problem and the interaction with the relevant influencing factors in the decision-making process. The process of making a quality decision considers all the limitations in the decision-making process so that the decision makers are able to make a rational choice. Decision-making is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include the individual's personal influence, emotions, attitudes and reflections while external factors include parents and family, friends, state and institutional support, economic situation and the influence of one's partner. The process of rational decision-making needs to involve both external and internal factors because their synergy is necessary for the analytical alignment of rational and intuitive thinking. The goal of this research is to analyze and systematize all these influencing factors in decision-making situations based on the example of the general population and the homeless people. The hypotheses stated in this paper will try to connect to theoretical postulates in the areas of decision-making and rationality in order to interpret possible differences or deviations of the expectations from the results.
Aktuelle klimapolitische Debatten sind von einem apokalyptischen Denken durchdrungen. Auch Bewegungen wie Fridays for Future sind davon geprägt – positive Zielsetzungen bleiben dagegen abstrakt, utopische Bilder einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft stehen nicht im Vordergrund der öffentlichen Auseinandersetzungen. Ich möchte dafür argumentieren, dass eine Vergegenwärtigung und Fortschreibung der Tradition der literarischen Utopie Potentiale für alternative Zukunftskonstruktionen bieten. Ich möchte der Frage nachgehen, wie literarische Utopien Momente eines besseren Lebens in einer vom Klima verwandelten Zukunftswelt aufzeigen können. Dazu werde ich (1.) aktuelle literaturwissenschaftliche Diskussionen zum sogenannten "Cli-fi"-Boom betrachten. Insbesondere die zeitlichen Dimensionen des Klimawandels erweisen sich als eine beachtliche Schwelle für seine gelingende Literarisierung. Allerdings, so werde ich (2.) darlegen, gründet gerade die Wandelbarkeit literarischer Utopien auf ihrer Fähigkeit, Zeitlichkeit zu modellieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund werde ich (3.) mit Kim Stanley Robinsons New York 2140 einen aktuellen Text analysieren, der die utopische Tradition vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Debatten um Klimawandel und Anthropozän fortschreibt. Ich werde nachzeichnen, mit welchen Strategien es ihm gelingt, individuelle, soziale und klimatische Zeitebenen miteinander zu verknüpfen. Abschließend (4.) werde ich kurz diskutieren, weshalb eine kritische Reflexion der zeitgenössischen Dominanz apokalyptischen Denkens für aktuelle klimapolitische Debatten wichtig ist: Die Fixierung auf potentielle Verwüstungen und überambitionierte Reduktionsziele bergen die Gefahr, dass die derzeit mobilisierten Kräfte allzu schnell frustriert werden und in eine zynische Haltung umkippen. ; Current political debates on climate are permeated by apocalyptical thinking. Movements like Fridays for Future and Exitinction Rebellion, too, are shaped by this tradition—positive visions, on the other hand, utopian images of a sustainable society ...
Abstract: Can the politics of the Canaanite kings in their small urban centers, as reflected in the Amarna letters (mid-fourteenth cent. BCE), be called to some extent tribal? Beyond the (now old) anthropological discussion about "what is a tribe?," can we see tribalism as a main factor in the Southern Levant's politics? If we attend to the political scene of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1200 BCE), many of the activities of the local socio-political actors—even those settled and with an urban political life—do indeed match the rationale and expectations found in tribal situations and relationships, as documented in the modern ethnographic record of the Middle East: alliances and coalitions, personal subordination, political reciprocity, etc. The key matter in this interpretation is to transcend monolithic models like "tribe" or "city-state" and focus instead on the nature of the evidenced political practice, namely what the main actors do and how they behave to gain influence and prestige and to exert power and control over other political actors. In that way, there would be no need for expecting a mandatory presence of proper tribes in order to find tribal politics in action. This paper assesses the data in the Amarna archive from this perspective, noting the relevance of kinship, patrimonial structures and patron-client relationships in order to understand how local political communities were related to and interacted with the great powers of the period (particularly Egypt) which intervened in the land. ; Resumen: ¿Puede la actividad política de los reyes cananeos en sus pequeños centros urbanos, como se refleja en las cartas de El Amarna (siglo XIV a.n.e.), ser llamada en cierta medida tribal? Más allá de la (ahora vieja) discusión antropológica sobre "qué es una tribu", ¿podemos percibir al tribalismo como un factor clave en la política del Levante meridional? Centrándonos en la escena política regional de la Edad del Bronce Tardío (ca. 1550–1200 a.n.e.), es posible afirmar que muchas de las actividades de los actores sociopolíticos locales—inclusive aquellos ubicados en ámbitos urbanos—en efecto coinciden con las lógicas y las expectativas halladas en situaciones tribales, tal como se documenta el registro etnográfico de Medio Oriente: alianzas y coaliciones, subordinación personal, reciprocidad política, etc. La cuestión de importancia en esta interpretación es lograr trascender los modelos monolíticos como "tribu" o "ciudad-Estado" y, en cambio, focalizar el análisis en la naturaleza de la práctica política evidenciada, vale decir, lo que los actores principales hacen y cómo se comportan para obtener influencia y prestigio y, también, para ganar poder y control sobre otros actores políticos. En dicho sentido, no habría razón de esperar una presencia necesaria de tribus para hallar también una política tribal en acción. Este trabajo aborda la información disponible en el archivo de El Amarna desde esta perspectiva, subrayando la relevancia del parentesco, las estructuras patrimoniales y las relaciones patrón-cliente para comprender la manera en que las comunidades políticas locales interactuaban con los grandes poderes del período (en especial, Egipto) que intervenían en la región.
Aktuelle klimapolitische Debatten sind von einem apokalyptischen Denken durchdrungen. Auch Bewegungen wie Fridays for Future oder Extinction Rebellion sind davon geprägt—positive Zielsetzungen bleiben dagegen abstrakt, utopische Bilder einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft stehen nicht im Vordergrund der öffentlichen Auseinandersetzungen. Ich möchte dafür argumentieren, dass eine Vergegenwärtigung und Fortschreibung der Tradition der literarischen Utopie Potentiale für alternative Zukunftskonstruktionen bieten. Ich möchte der Frage nachgehen, wie literarische Utopien Momente eines besseren Lebens in einer vom Klima verwandelten Zukunftswelt aufzeigen können. Dazu werde ich (1.) aktuelle literaturwissenschaftliche Diskussionen zum sogenannten "Cli-fi"-Boom betrachten. Insbesondere die zeitlichen Dimensionen des Klimawandels erweisen sich als eine beachtliche Schwelle für seine Literarisierung. Allerdings, so werde ich (2.) darlegen, gründet gerade die Wandelbarkeit literarischer Utopien auf ihrer Fähigkeit, Zeitlichkeit zu modellieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund werde ich (3.) mit Kim Stanley Robinsons "New York 2140" einen aktuellen Text analysieren, der die utopische Tradition vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Debatten um Klimawandel und Anthropozän fortschreibt. Ich werde nachzeichnen, mit welchen Strategien er individuelle, soziale und klimatische Zeitebenen miteinander verknüpft. Abschließend (4.) werde ich kurz diskutieren, weshalb eine kritische Reflexion der zeitgenössischen Dominanz apokalyptischen Denkens für aktuelle klimapolitische Debatten wichtig ist: Die Fixierung auf potentielle Verwüstungen und abstrakte Reduktionsziele birgt die Gefahr, dass die derzeit mobilisierten Kräfte allzu schnell frustriert werden und in eine zynische Haltung umkippen. ; Contemporary debates on climate change policy are pervaded by apocalyptical thought. Movements like Fridays for Future or Extinction Rebellion are affected by that as well—positive objectives remain limited to abstract goals; utopian imaginations of a sustainable ...
Odlučivanje podrazumijeva odabir između nekoliko mogućih alternativa koji za cilj imaju donošenje odluke. Te alternative ovise o situacijama i tipu problema o kojem se odlučuje kao i interakciji s relevantnim utjecajnim čimbenicima pri donošenju odluke. Donošenje kvalitetne odluke uzima u obzir sva ograničenja u odlučivanju kako bi donositelji odluka izvršili racionalan izbor. Na odlučivanje utječu unutarnji i vanjski čimbenici. Unutarnji čimbenici podrazumijevaju osobni utjecaj pojedinca, emocije, stavove i razmišljanja dok vanjske čimbenike predstavljaju roditelji i obitelj, prijatelji i poznanici, država i institucionalne potpore, ekonomska situacija te utjecaj partnera. U proces racionalnog donošenja odluka potrebno je uključiti i vanjske i unutarnje čimbenike jer je njihova sinergija nužna za analitičko usklađenje racionalnog i intuitivnog razmišljanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza i sistematizacija svih tih utjecajnih čimbenika u situacijama donošenja odluka na primjeru opće populacije i beskućnika. Navedene hipoteze u ovom radu nastojati će se povezati s teorijskim postavkama s područja odlučivanja i racionalnosti te protumačiti eventualne različitosti ili odstupanja očekivanja od rezultata. ; Decision-making involves choosing between several possible alternatives which have decision-making as the goal. These alternatives depend on the situation, the type of problem and the interaction with the relevant influencing factors in the decision-making process. The process of making a quality decision considers all the limitations in the decision-making process so that the decision makers are able to make a rational choice. Decision-making is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include the individual's personal influence, emotions, attitudes and reflections while external factors include parents and family, friends, state and institutional support, economic situation and the influence of one's partner. The process of rational decision-making needs to involve both external and ...
Este trabajo se ocupa de analizar dos fallos judiciales que postularon la imprescriptibilidad de los llamados delitos de corrupción. En ellos, paradójicamente, al pretenderse defender la institucionalidad y la democracia se desconocieron instituciones básicas que están en nuestra ley suprema desde el siglo XIX y que se remontan más atrás en la historia, como lo es el principio de legalidad destinado a preservar la libertad y los derechos fundamentales de la persona. Para sostener la imprescriptibilidad, las sentencias examinadas quebrantaron la regla de prohibición de analogía in malam partem; inobservaron y aplicaron erróneamente convenciones internacionales y leyes atingentes; interpretaron en forma incoherente la ley penal; utilizaron de manera laxa precedentes jurisprudenciales; e incurrieron en falacias lógicas en sus razonamientos. ; This work analyzes two judicial decisions which postulated the non applicability of statutory limitations to corruption crimes. Paradoxically, whereas these resolutions pretended to defend institutionality and democracy, they left aside basic institutions that exist in our supreme law since the nineteenth century and even before in the history, such as the legality principle which was created to preserve the liberty and fundamentals human rights. In order to support non applicability of statutory limitations, the decisions broke the rule which prohibit the analogy in malam partem; they did not observe or wrongly applied international conventions and pertinent rules; they incoherently interpretated the criminal law; they used in an inadequate manner judicial precedents and they incurred in logical fallacious reasoning. ; Especialización en Derecho Penal ; Instituto de Derecho Penal
The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, I present the scholarly book publications patterns of Polish scholars. Secondly, I show how scholarly book publications are assessed in various European research evaluation systems. Moreover, I argue that the diversity of evaluation models depends on the scientific policy aims in a given country. This presentation of European models allows me to discuss a new Polish science policy instrument, that is the list of publishers prepared for the upcoming evaluation exercise in 2021. In 2018, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland implemented a new model of scholarly book publication assessment based on the list of publishers. On the one hand, such a scien- ce policy instrument might be a way to appreciate the best quality scholarly books and give them more points than articles in the evaluation exercise. On the other hand, it is a so far unknown instrument which differentiates publications that have been treated the same up to date. Additionally, this paper aims to shed some light on how the new Polish model was prepared.
Entre 1300 y 900 a.n.e., las regiones de Siria y de Palestina experimentaron una serie de disrupciones y reacomodamientos, especialmente en la escena política. Más aún, la opinión historiográfica tradicionalmente aceptada indica que un cambio radical en las estructuras sociopolíticas ocurrió, marcando una transición de organizaciones políticas territoriales a organizaciones "nacionales" o étnicas. La discusión presentada en este trabajo apunta a revisar dicha opinión y a observar una permanencia fundamental, luego de la crisis del siglo XII, de las estructuras jerárquicas basadas en el parentesco y el patronazgo; estructuras sociopolíticas que proporcionaban las pautas básicas en la dinámica interna y externa de los reinos locales. Finalmente, se presenta una hipótesis al respecto de la relevancia de la adscripción y la subordinación políticas en la creación de identidades étnicas en el Levante durante la Edad del Hierro. ; Between 1300 and 900 BCE the regions of Syria and Palestine experienced a series of disruptions and rearrangements, especially in the political scene. Further, the traditionally accepted historiographical view indicates that a radical change in socio-political structures occurred, marking a transition from territorial polities to "national" or ethnic polities. The discussion offered in this paper aims at challenging such a view and observing the fundamental permanence, after the twelfth century crisis, of hierarchical structures based on kinship and patronage; socio-political structures which informed the basic internal and external dynamics of the local kingdoms. Lastly, it is presented a hypothesis concerning the relevance of political attachment and subordination for the creation of ethnic identities in the Iron Age Levant.
El trabajo presenta el recorrido del proyecto "Diversidad Cultural y Cuerpo. Democratizando las prácticas corporales" en relación con los Centros Comunitarios de Extensión Universitaria N°6 y Ringuelet -en formación-, desde una doble mirada de gestionar: por un lado, desde la participación en el equipo de extensión y por el otro, desde la coordinación territorial de los CCEU. Primero se explica brevemente cómo empieza a funcionar el proyecto en el Barrio "La Islita" de Ringuelet, desde las problemáticas del Centro Comunitario, las cuales interpelan las lógicas de las prácticas corporales. Segundo, se explica la función del coordinador territorial como un enclave dentro del dispositivo que amplía las lógicas de gestión y participación a partir de las demandas propias y ajenas que le hacen al proyecto Diversidad Cultural y Cuerpo. Por último, se intenta mostrar con este análisis qué estamos pensando sobre la extensión y qué tipo de extensión queremos. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
Este trabajo se ocupa de analizar dos fallos judiciales que postularon la imprescriptibilidad de los llamados delitos de corrupción. En ellos, paradójicamente, al pretenderse defender la institucionalidad y la democracia se desconocieron instituciones básicas que están en nuestra ley suprema desde el siglo XIX y que se remontan más atrás en la historia, como lo es el principio de legalidad destinado a preservar la libertad y los derechos fundamentales de la persona. Para sostener la imprescriptibilidad, las sentencias examinadas quebrantaron la regla de prohibición de analogía in malam partem; inobservaron y aplicaron erróneamente convenciones internacionales y leyes atingentes; interpretaron en forma incoherente la ley penal; utilizaron de manera laxa precedentes jurisprudenciales; e incurrieron en falacias lógicas en sus razonamientos.
Entre 1300 y 900 a.n.e., las regiones de Siria y de Palestina experimentaron una serie de disrupciones y reacomodamientos, especialmente en la escena política. Más aún, la opinión historiográfica tradicionalmente aceptada indica que un cambio radical en las estructuras sociopolíticas ocurrió, marcando una transición de organizaciones políticas territoriales a organizaciones "nacionales" o étnicas. La discusión presentada en este trabajo apunta a revisar dicha opinión y a observar una permanencia fundamental, luego de la crisis del siglo XII, de las estructuras jerárquicas basadas en el parentesco y el patronazgo; estructuras sociopolíticas que proporcionaban las pautas básicas en la dinámica interna y externa de los reinos locales. Finalmente, se presenta una hipótesis al respecto de la relevancia de la adscripción y la subordinación políticas en la creación de identidades étnicas en el Levante durante la Edad del Hierro. ; Between 1300 and 900 BCE the regions of Syria and Palestine experienced a series of disruptions and rearrangements, especially in the political scene. Further, the traditionally accepted historiographical view indicates that a radical change in socio-political structures occurred, marking a transition from territorial polities to "national" or ethnic polities. The discussion offered in this paper aims at challenging such a view and observing the fundamental permanence, after the twelfth century crisis, of hierarchical structures based on kinship and patronage; socio-political structures which informed the basic internal and external dynamics of the local kingdoms. Lastly, it is presented a hypothesis concerning the relevance of political attachment and subordination for the creation of ethnic identities in the Iron Age Levant.
International audience ; À propos de l'ouvrage collectif dirigé par Wolf Feuerhahn, La politique des chaires au Collège de France (Paris, Les Belles Lettres/Collège de France, 2017, 560 pages)
