Suchergebnisse

1291 was a significant year for the main military orders: uprooted from their foundations in the Holy Land, they took refuge on Cyprus, and in the following years they found themselves vulnerable to those who questioned the validity of their continued existence. The Teutonic Order negated this by successfully transferring their headquarters to mainland Europe, building on a growing involvement in Prussia dating back to 1225. The Knights Templar, however, faced suppression. Meanwhile, the Knights Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes assured both their survival and independence. ; peer-reviewed

In socialist Romania of the mid-1980s, workers' clubs, theaters, student centers, opera houses, and even philharmonics used the new medium of the videocassette to organize film-viewing venues exhibiting pirated cinematic material. They were called videotheques and sold tens of thousands of admission tickets to an audience hungry for Western commercial films. This article studies the development of this quasi-legal and hybrid economic experiment. It describes its operation, analyzes its spectatorship, the alternative public spheres and patterns of resistance it produced, and the reaction of the Communist authorities, revealing the politically subversive dimension of entertainment consumption in socialist economies. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright the American Council of Learned Societies.]

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Civil Engineering (área de especialização em Perfil de Estruturas e Geotecnia) ; Building Information Modeling (BIM) is considered to be one of the emerging trends in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, being expected to decrease the inefficiencies concerning the project delivery process. This concept provides an innovate holistic methodology on executing projects, by integrating a set of collaborative policies and technologies which enable to materialize the managing of the building design and project data through a digital format throughout the building´s lifecycle. Over the last few years, various governments have traced strategic implementation approaches to effectively introduce the BIM methodology under a collaborative environment for all national projects, foreseeing the paramount impact of its applicability in the construction sector. The uprising request of BIM allied with the current process of globalization for the construction sector have aroused the AEC firms to the inevitability of implementing BIM in their work procedures, to enhance their international competiveness. However, several barriers have been detected contributing to the slower adoption of BIM, where the lack of personnel with BIM competencies is considered one the most significant constraints. Furthermore, although many standards relevant to BIM exist, it is suggested that there is an absence of implementation guidelines into which those standards could be incorporated for project teams to follow. Acknowledging these needs, the present work has the generic aim to contribute to the implementation of the BIM methodology among the stakeholders of the AEC industry. Its core ambition is the proposal of a BIM Execution Plan (BEP) framework in which a set of methodologies are compiled to enable project teams on strategizing the implementation of a BIM collaborative working procedure throughout the whole project process. The suggested BEP framework is based on a rigorous process ...

In socialist Romania of the mid-1980s, workers' clubs, theaters, student centers, opera houses, and even philharmonics used the new medium of the videocassette to organize film-viewing venues exhibiting pirated cinematic material. They were called videotheques and sold tens of thousands of admission tickets to an audience hungry for Western commercial films. This article studies the development of this quasi-legal and hybrid economic experiment. It describes its operation, analyzes its spectatorship, the alternative public spheres and patterns of resistance it produced, and the reaction of the Communist authorities, revealing the politically subversive dimension of entertainment consumption in socialist economies.

O artigo discute a letalidade das Polícias Militar e Civil do Estado de São Paulo, nos últimos 22 anos. A literatura tradicional apresentaduas hipóteses sobre as letalidades nas ações policias: a da "disjuntividade" do sistema social (CALDEIRA, 2000) e a da violênciaestrutural da sociedade brasileira (PINHEIRO, 1991). Esses dois modelos teóricos concluem que o padrão da brutalidade na atuaçãodas instituições públicas é um traço característico e imutável do Estado brasileiro e que as intervenções institucionais são insuficientespara promover mudanças no padrão de atuação das forças policiais. A coincidência dos resultados desses estudos deve-se a umproblema presente em parte significativa das pesquisas sobre o tema: apresentar o sistema político como variável dependente eo padrão de letalidade de ação policial como variável independente. Este trabalho propõe uma inversão metodológica, na quala letalidade da ação policial seja o fenômeno a ser explicado e o perfil das políticas públicas executadas pelo governo estadual eo contexto criminal sejam as variáveis explicativas da pesquisa. Em suma, buscam-se identificar o grau de influência dos fatorescontextuais nas decisões dos policiais e a responsividade (accountability) desses nos controles do sistema político democrático.Por meio de modelos estatísticos multivariados, foi testado o impacto dos diferentes governos estaduais no número de mortospela polícia, controlando pelas taxas de homicídio no Estado. Os resultados demonstraram um expressivo grau de responsividadeinstitucional sobre as instituições policiais de São Paulo, indicando a fragilidade das explicações anteriores.

This paper is a summary of two research papers published by the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP) of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. The research was conducted under the auspices of the Islamic Charities Project (ICP). The project works towards the removal of unjustified obstacles for bona fide Islamic charitable institutions by arguing for more nuanced interpretations of their role and activities. ICP is supported and funded by the Human Security Division of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and is currently co-ordinated by the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich in the framework of its Culture and Religion in Mediation Program (CARIM). Readers seeking more in-depth information and references to sources are directed to the original research papers: Schaeublin, E., (2009) "The West Bank Zakat Committees (1977 – 2009) in the Local Context", CCDP Working Paper 5, Geneva: The Graduate Institute and Schaeublin, E., (2011) "Gaza Zakat Organizations (1973 – 2011) in the Local Context", CCDP Working Paper 9, Geneva: The Graduate Institute. Both available for download at http://graduateinstitute.ch/ccdp/ccdp-research/projects/completed-projects/religion_

In this article, we approach world politics through the lens of its manifold practices, which we define as competent performances. Studying International Relations (IR) from the perspective of international practices promises three key advances. First, by focusing on practices in IR, we can understand both IR theory and international politics better or differently. World politics can be conceived as structured by practices, which give meaning to international action, make possible strategic interaction, and are reproduced, changed, and reinforced by international action and interaction. This focus helps broaden the ontology of world politics, serves as a focal point around which debates in IR theory can be structured, and can be used as a unit of analysis that transcends traditional understandings of 'levels of analysis'. We illustrate what an international practice is by revisiting Thomas Schelling's seminal works on bargaining. Second, with the help of illustrations of deterrence and arms control during the Cold War and of post-Cold War practices such as cooperative security, we show how practices constitute strategic interaction and bargaining more generally. Finally, a practice perspective opens an exciting and innovative research agenda, which suggests new research questions and puzzles, and revisits central concepts of our discipline, including power, history, and strategy.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether or not there are differences between college students in Alabama and Hawaii based on three questions: are students concerned about the present/future? What do students know about sustainability? Who is responsible for sustainability?Design/methodology/approachTwo approaches were used to address these questions. First, a summary of sustainability efforts at universities in Alabama and Hawaii is provided. Second, a random sample of 406 undergraduate students at two universities in Alabama (n=258) and at a community college in Hawaii (n=148) were surveyed.FindingsThe data indicate that sustainable programs and practices are being implemented on a number of college campuses in Alabama and in Hawaii. Students surveyed in both states are concerned about wasteful consumption and pollution. Respondents' were similar in their self‐assessed knowledge about sustainability. Respondents were also similar in their views about who is responsible for sustainability. However, a consistently larger proportion of Hawaii respondents expressed concern for and willingness to participate in sustainable practices. So, there seems to be little or no "knowledge gap" when it comes to campus sustainability, but there does seem to be a "commitment gap." Possible reasons for this are discussed.Originality/valueSince the 1980s, many universities in the USA have elected to incorporate sustainability practices into campus development and day‐to‐day operations. They are now emerging as environmental leaders and innovators. An understanding of students' perceptions of sustainability may give insight into whether or not and how they are likely to engage in sustainable practices.