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Cover -- Contents -- List of Boxes, Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Why 'saving' democracy? -- 2 Can democracy be saved? -- Part 1: Interventions at the input stage to enable critical citizenship -- 3 Building participatory governance systems -- 4 Direct democracy -- 5 Deliberative democracy -- 6 Design-led digital democracy -- Part 2: Interventions at the throughput stage to improve the quality andintegrity of politics -- 7 Reforming elected assemblies -- 8 Cleaning up politics -- 9 Embedding experts and evidence in democratic governance -- 10 Old and new media: power with responsibility -- Part 3: Interventions at the output stage to improve the capacity ofpolitics to deliver quality services and policy outcomes -- 11 Improving the public service experience: the search for public value -- 12 Representative democracy and crisis management -- 13 Future proofing democracy -- 14 In conclusion - restoring and strengthening the 'protective power'of democracy -- Postscript -- Notes -- Index.
A major new reference volume - The Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism is the premier collection of material on a comprehensive range of topics in contemporary liberalism.Liberal theory has been caricatured by its critics as an abstract, unworldly, trivial philosophical navel-gazing pursuit. The Companion counters this view by showing how liberalism can tackle wide-ranging practical concerns that urgently demand attention in twenty-first century politics. Rather than presenting contemporary liberalism simply and narrowly as a survey of what its main academic protagonists have said over the past 30 years, the guiding principle of the volume is to conceptualise it primarily as a set of themes and approaches informed by the challenges to the practice of liberal politics.Issues such as human rights, citizenship, nationalism, feminism, international communities, supranational orders, post-communism and ecocentrism take their place alongside the more familiar and well-worked themes of justice and justification as topics for liberal theorising. The reader is vividly shown the ways in which liberalism engages directly with the problems of practical political life today.This wide-ranging account of contemporary liberal thinking places the emphasis on agenda-setting, showing that contemporary liberalism is live - relevant, proactive, continuously engaged and adaptable - and that the problems faced by the liberal order are sufficiently complex and perplexing to demand the serious, rigorous philosophical reflection offered by contemporary liberal political theory.The Companion allows the reader to explore liberalism's contemporary relevance and to look to its likely future developments. With contributors including Will Kymlicka, Michael Freeden, Richard Bellamy, Rex Martin, Margaret Canovan, Diana T. Meyers, and Kate Soper, this large, definitive edition will be a must-buy for all libraries and a key reference tool for all those with an interest in contemporary liberalism.Key FeaturesMajor reference work - the only comprehensive reference work on contemporary liberalismShows how liberalism is relevant to practical issues such as human rights, citizenship, international communities and post-communismLooks to the future development of liberalismContributions from the leading figures in the field of liberalism including Will Kymlicka, Michael Freeden and Rex Martin
Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS -- Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 2 DARKNESS AND SILENCE: EVIL AND THE WESTERN LEGACY -- Chapter 3 CONSTRUCTIVISM AND EVIL -- Chapter 4 SYSTEMIC EVIL AND THE LIMITS OF PLURALISM -- Chapter 5 UNREASONABLE OR EVIL? -- Chapter 6 EVIL IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL THEORY: ACTS THAT SHOCK THE CONSCIENCE OF MANKIND -- Chapter 7 DOING EVIL JUSTLY? THE MORALITY OF JUSTIFIABLE ABOMINATION -- Chapter 8 EVIL AND THE LEFT -- Chapter 9 THE GLAMOUR OF EVIL: DOSTOYEVSKY AND THE POLITICS OF TRANSGRESSION -- Chapter 10 THE RHETORIC OF MORAL EQUIVALENCE -- Chapter 11 BANAL BUT NOT BENIGN: ARENDT ON EVIL -- INDEX
Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents Page -- Preface Page -- Acknowledgments Page -- About the Editors Page -- List of Contributors Page -- 1 Introduction to Toxicology -- 2 Toxicokinetics -- 3 Metabolism and Biotransformation of Xenobiotics -- 4 Mechanistic Toxicology -- 5 Genetic Toxicology and Carcinogenesis -- 6 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology -- 7 Juvenile Toxicology -- 8 In Vitro Toxicity Testing -- 9 In Vivo Toxicity Testing -- 10 Toxicological Applications of Genomic, Proteomic and Metabolomic Technologies -- 11 Toxic Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics -- 12 Toxicology of Herbal Medicines -- 13 Toxicology of Industrial Chemicals -- 14 Food Toxicology -- 15 Nanotoxicology -- 16 Human Health Risk Assessment -- 17 Toxicological Modelling -- 18 Human Biomonitoring -- 19 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology -- 20 Exposomics and Environmental Monitoring -- 21 Pesticide Toxicology -- 22 Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics as Emerging Environmental Contaminants -- 23 Environmental Recovery and Remediation: The role of soil pollution on human health -- 24 Toxicology and Climate Change -- 25 Chemical Warfare and Terrorism -- 26 Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse -- 27 Case Studies in Human Toxicology 1: Human Health Risk Assessments for Arsenic and Beryllium in Urban Soils -- 28 Case Studies in Toxicology 2: Recovering Environments Affected by Chemical Incidents: The Chemical Recovery Navigation Tool -- Index.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamp technique has been developed and applied to assess effects of and responses to hypoglycaemia under standardised conditions. However, the degree to which the methodology of clamp studies is standardised is unclear. This systematic review examines how hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamps have been performed and elucidates potential important differences. METHODS: A literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted. Articles in English published between 1980 and 2018, involving adults with or without diabetes, were included. RESULTS: A total of 383 articles were included. There was considerable variation in essential methodology of the hypoglycaemic clamp procedures, including the insulin dose used (49-fold difference between the lowest and the highest rate), the number of hypoglycaemic steps (range 1-6), the hypoglycaemic nadirs (range 2.0-4.3 mmol/l) and the duration (ranging from 5 to 660 min). Twenty-seven per cent of the articles reported whole blood glucose levels, most venous levels. In 70.8% of the studies, a dorsal hand vein was used for blood sampling, with some form of hand warming to arterialise venous blood in 78.8% of these. Key information was missing in 61.9% of the articles. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Although the hyperinsulinaemic-hypoglycaemic clamp procedure is considered the gold standard to study experimental hypoglycaemia, a uniform standard with key elements on how to perform these experiments is lacking. Methodological differences should be considered when comparing results between hypoglycaemic clamp studies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019120083). ; the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 777460. The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and T1D Exchange, JDRF, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.
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This book offers a collection of critical engagements with the key tenets of just war theory, to evaluate its theoretical and practical credibility. Readers will be furnished with a rigorous and comprehensive assessment of the theory's various elements in order to identify what might be salvaged and what might need revision
Purpose: We develop a positive but critical appreciation of the nature and meaning of impact as current constituted as UK universities prepare for the government-led evaluation of research quality in REF2021. Methodology: We describe and then discuss impact (generally, and then specifically in relation to one recently completed project). That project was funded by the Leverhulme Trust and titled Youth activism, engagement and the development of new civic learning spaces (see:https://www.york.ac.uk/education/research/cresj/researchthemes/citizenship-education/leverhulmeyouthactivism/) Findings: Currently, there is potential for corporate arguments about impact to have a negative effect on UK universities. It would be preferable to consider impact in relation to general arguments about strengthening societal culture by generating greater respect for knowledge and clarifying its relationship with society; and by knowledge based arguments in that a specific evaluation of impact would allow us to know more about the nature of the research-practice interface.
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Purpose: We develop a positive but critical appreciation of the nature and meaning of impact as current constituted as UK universities prepare for the government-led evaluation of research quality in REF2021. Methodology: We describe and then discuss impact (generally, and then specifically in relation to one recently completed project). That project was funded by the Leverhulme Trust and titled Youth activism, engagement and the development of new civic learning spaces (see:https://www.york.ac.uk/education/research/cresj/researchthemes/ citizenship-education/leverhulmeyouthactivism/) Findings: Currently, there is potential for corporate arguments about impact to have a negative effect on UK universities. It would be preferable to consider impact in relation to general arguments about strengthening societal culture by generating greater respect for knowledge and clarifying its relationship with society; and by knowledge based arguments in that a specific evaluation of impact would allow us to know more about the nature of the research-practice interface.
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In: Citizenship teaching and learning, Band 15, Heft 2, S. 155-186
ISSN: 1751-1925
Pedagogies about and for civic engagement are not clearly defined. We consider how these understandings have been constructed and how these pedagogical developments reveal a gradual yet fundamental shift from more transmission-oriented learning intentions and practices to more transformative orientations. We examine how particular broad and interrelated pedagogical considerations and experiences appear to enhance civic engagement learning (e.g. a focus on real-life and relevant political questions and issues, classroom to community, local to global). We review experiences that allow for the practice of different forms of civic engagement; varied ways of knowing and active involvement in the process of constructing knowledge in relation to these political questions and issues rather than simply receiving information passively; and building capacities for decision-making, public issue investigation, ethical thinking, peace-building and conflict management. We recognize that these matters are approached differently in the literature and in classrooms, schools and communities with varying degrees of emphasis and levels of sophistication. We contend that these contrasting approaches and practices reflect differing cultural and historical traditions and contexts, pressures being experienced locally and globally, and the guidance of educational policies and study programmes. The enactment of these developing understandings of civic engagement pedagogy is nominal and uneven in classrooms, schools and community sites within and across countries. Most forms of civic engagement pedagogy for youth tend to occur randomly in their communities, while school-based programmes are limited and most often involved in forms of civic action that are perceived as safe and minimal. We highlight – in the form of questions – some of the persisting challenges that face educators in developing appropriate pedagogies for civic engagement. This work originated from a three-year (2016–19), six-country project, 'Youth Activism, Engagement and the Development of New Civic Learning Spaces', undertaken by an international network of researchers (based in Australia, Canada, England, Hungary, Lebanon and Singapore) and funded by a Leverhulme Network Grant. We explore key ideas and issues about the ways in which young people participate in society and discuss what implications there are for education.
Following the financial crisis of 2008, the UK government has set out new economic priorities which include jobs and returns from investment in science and technologybased activity. In this paper we show that the Cambridge area already provides a microcosm for such a future economy, one that it reveals both strengths and weaknesses. Using longitudinal county-wide data on technology firms in Cambs, we show that these firms have been resilient to recession over the past quarter century (as compared with Silicon Valley) and achieved high survival rates until the past few years. Cambridge tech firms are depicted in terms of size and sectoral distribution on the eve of the credit crisis, using new data on serial spin out from the university as a check on county-wide data. Larger firms showed a recent recovery in jobs and sales after delayed impact from the technology slump of the new millennium. However a fall in the number of start ups and firms in the smaller size groups is a cause for concern, since it is from just such a pool that the more successful Cambridge firms have emerged over the past three decades.
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In: Journal of Chinese governance, Band 4, Heft 2, S. 181-200
ISSN: 2381-2354
Waterloo Uncovered is a ground-breaking conflict archaeology project, on the Waterloo battlefield in Belgium. Established in 2015 (the battle's bicentenary year) to learn more about the battle that shaped modern Europe, it supports Serving Personnel and Veterans (SPV) in their well-being, recovery (from mental and physical injury), education, vocation and transition into civilian life. This project brings together professional archaeologists, students, SPV and volunteers, in a mutually beneficial collaboration. It has five founding partner organisations: SPW (Service Public de Wallonie), The Centre for Battlefield Archaeology (University of Glasgow), L - P : Archaeology, ORBit team, Department of Soil Management (Ghent University), University College Roosevelt (Utrecht University).The charity is also dedicated to educating the general public about its findings; these are changing the way we understand both the Battle of Waterloo, and how we support our armed forces. This paper discusses the project so far, and our future research goals.
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AIM: To compare bolus insulin delivery patterns during closed-loop home studies in adults with suboptimally [HbA1c 58-86 mmol/mol (7.5%-10%)] and well-controlled [58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%)] Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of daytime and night-time insulin delivery during home use of closed-loop over 4 weeks. Daytime and night-time controller effort, defined as amount of insulin delivered by closed-loop relative to usual basal insulin delivery, and daytime bolus effort, defined as total bolus insulin delivery relative to total daytime insulin delivery were compared between both cohorts. Correlation analysis was performed between individual bolus behaviour (bolus effort and frequency) and daytime controller efforts, and proportion of time spent within and below sensor glucose target range. RESULTS: Individuals with suboptimally controlled Type 1 diabetes had significantly lower bolus effort (P = 0.038) and daily bolus frequency (P < 0.001) compared with those with well-controlled diabetes. Controller effort during both daytime (P = 0.007) and night-time (P = 0.005) were significantly higher for those with suboptimally controlled Type 1 diabetes. Time when glucose was within the target range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) during daytime correlated positively with bolus effort (r = 0.37, P = 0.016) and bolus frequency (r = 0.33, P = 0.037). Time when glucose was below the target range during daytime was comparable in both groups (P = 0.36), and did not correlate significantly with bolus effort (r = 0.28, P = 0.066) or bolus frequency (r = -0.21, P = 0.19). CONCLUSION: More frequent bolusing and higher proportion of insulin delivered as bolus during hybrid closed-loop use correlated positively with time glucose was in target range. This emphasises the need for user input and educational support to benefit from this novel therapeutic modality. ; Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union (ICT FP7- 247138). Additional support for the Artificial Pancreas work by JDRF, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Strategic Award (100574/Z/12/Z), EC Horizon 2020 (H2020-SC1-731560), NIDDK (DP3DK112176 and 1UC4DK108520-01), Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme of National Institute for Health Research (14/23/09) and Helmsley Trust (2016PG-T1D045 and #2016PG-T1D046).
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