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PurposeThis study was undertaken to identify and describe the impact of leadership behaviour of educational leaders (both relation-oriented and task-oriented) along with demographics on institutional performance for the fulfilment of goals of education as envisaged in national documents.Research Design/MethodologyThree questionnaires namely Leadership Behaviour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), Institutional Performance Questionnaire (IPQ) and Leadership Demographics Checklist (LDC) were developed for the collection of data. The validity and reliability of the instruments was ensured through experts' opinions and pilot testing. All educational administrators working in educational institutions—schools, colleges situated at district and provincial level formed the population for this study. The population of study was consisted of Principals of Higher Secondary Schools, Degree Colleges and Colleges of Education, District Educational Officers (DEOs), Executive District Officers (EDOs), and their subordinates [DEOs, Dy. DEOs, AEOs and Superintendents] respectively. Leadership Demographics (attributes + situational factors) Checklist was administered to 171educational leaders and 1368 their subordinate / teaching staff. For gathering quick and reliable data all three questionnaires were routed through Additional Secretary (Schools), Education Department. Using that channel more than 90 % data were collected from the field.Major FindingsThe findings of the study revealed that both Relation-Oriented and Task Oriented Behavioural dimensions of educational leaders of the study directly relate to their leadership effectiveness. This evidence also suggests that the strong relationship between these two variables is optional for high leadership effectiveness for achieving the objectives of the organization. The correlation r =.73 shows a strong positive relationship between relation oriented behaviour of educational leaders and institutional performance. Whereas, the correlation r=.74 shows that there is also a strong relationship between task oriented behaviour of educational leaders and institutional performance. Comparison of both behaviours shows that comparatively second relationship is stronger than the previous one even instead of a little difference between their values. Therefore task oriented behaviour of educational leaders has better impact on the performance of institution rather than relation oriented behaviour of educational leaders and institutional performance. Whatsoever are the factors other than educational leaders, the impact of educational leaders on institutional performance cannot be easily ignored. Originality/ValueGiven the findings in this study, a relatively straight forward profile of educational leaders on institutional performance emerges. An effective educational leader according to this study is one who has Task-Oriented Behaviour which reflects the behaviour of the leader as high on relationship i.e. high on consideration, better with professional qualification, interaction with Subordinates/teaching staff enjoyable academic freedom that acts as catalyst in the use of potential of the staff for better instructional efficiency.

COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has been declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid spread. Since the first case was identified in Wuhan, China, the battle against this deadly disease started and has disrupted almost every field of life. Medical staff and laboratories are leading from the front, but researchers from various fields and governmental agencies have also proposed healthy ideas to protect each other. In this article, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is presented to highlight the latest developments in analyzing the COVID-19 data using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The number of studies related to Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and mathematical models discussed in this research has shown a significant impact on forecasting and the spread of COVID-19. The results and discussion presented in this study are based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Out of 218 articles selected at the first stage, 57 met the criteria and were included in the review process. The findings are therefore associated with those 57 studies, which recorded that CNN (DL) and SVM (ML) are the most used algorithms for forecasting, classification, and automatic detection. The importance of the compartmental models discussed is that the models are useful for measuring the epidemiological features of COVID-19. Current findings suggest that it will take around 1.7 to 140 days for the epidemic to double in size based on the selected studies. The 12 estimates for the basic reproduction range from 0 to 7.1. The main purpose of this research is to illustrate the use of ML, DL, and mathematical models that can be helpful for the researchers to generate valuable solutions for higher authorities and the healthcare industry to reduce the impact of this epidemic.

BACKGROUND: Poor availability and unaffordability of key access antibiotics may increase antimicrobial resistance in the community by promoting inappropriate antibiotic selection and abridged therapy compliance. OBJECTIVE: To check the prices, availability, and affordability of the World Health Organization (WHO) key access antibiotics in private sector pharmacies of Lahore, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A survey of WHO key access antibiotics from WHO essential medicine list 2017 was conducted in private sector pharmacies of 4 different regions of Lahore employing adapted WHO/HAI methodology. The comparison of prices and availability between originator brands (OB) and lowest price generics (LPG) were conducted followed by the effect of medicine price differences on patient's affordability. The data were analyzed using a preprogrammed WHO Microsoft excel workbook. RESULTS: The mean availability of OB products was 45.20% and the availability of LPGs was 40.40%. The OBs of co-amoxiclav, clarithromycin and metronidazole and LPGs of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were easily available (100%) in all private sector pharmacies. Whereas, antibiotics like chloramphenicol, cloxacillin, nitrofurantoin, spectinomycin, and cefazolin were totally unavailable in all the surveyed pharmacies. The OBs and LPGs with high MPRs were ceftriaxone (OB; 15.31, LPG; 6.38) and ciprofloxacin (OB; 12.42, LPG; 5.77). The median of brand premium obtained was 38.7%, which varied between the lowest brand premium of 3.97% for metronidazole and highest for ceftriaxone i.e. 140%. The cost of standard treatment was 0.5 day's wage (median) if using OB and 0.4 day's wage (median) for LPG, for a lowest paid unskilled government worker. Treatment with OB and LPG was unaffordable for ciprofloxacin (OB; 2.4, LPG; 1.1) & cefotaxime (OB; 12.7, LPG; 8.1). CONCLUSION: There is dire need to properly implement price control policies to better regulate fragile antibiotic supply system so that the availability of both OB and LPG of key access antibiotics should be ...