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In this book Gordon Friedrichs offers a pioneering insight into the implications of domestic polarization for U.S. foreign policymaking and the exercise of America's international leadership role. Through a mixed-method design and a rich dataset consisting of polarization data, congressional debates and letters, as well as co-sponsorship coalitions, Friedrichs applies role theory to analyze three polarization effects for U.S. leadership role-taking: a sorting effect, a partisan warfare, and an institutional corrosion effect. These effects are deployed in two comparative case studies: The Iran nuclear crisis as well as the negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Friedrichs effectively exposes the drivers of polarization and how this extreme divergence has translated into partisan warfare as well as institutional corrosion, affecting direction and performance of the U.S. global leadership role.

In 2004 the United Nations Security Council initiated a "Working Group on General Issues of Sanctions" in order to increase the Council's effectiveness in terms of sanctions implementation. With this reform, the Council reacted to the harsh criticism from the UN against the conventional sanctions practice. It was the Security Council's latest endeavor to make ratified sanctions more punitive, coercive, and thus effective as far as causing compliance within its judicial framework is concerned. Summarized under the term "smart sanctions", the Security Council tries to be more accurate in address

Introduction : defining roles in a polycentric world / Michael Grossman, Francis Schortgen, and Gordon Friedrichs -- Shrinking the U.S. leadership role : populism and the change of domestic and international "others" / Sebastian Harnisch & Gordon Friedrichs -- The evolution of Russia's national role conceptions : from cooperation to great power competition / Michael Grossman -- A Chinese grand strategy in the making? : the 'China dream', the 'Belt and Road Initiative' and national role conceptualization in a changing world / Francis Schortgen -- A tenuous island : the destabilization of Britain's role in the international system of the 21st century / Spencer Whyte -- Berlin, we have a problem : explaining crises in US-German relations after the Cold War / Florian Böller -- Contesting Japan's international role : the responses of Japanese non-governmental organizations to the transformation of Japanese ODA policy / Kamila Szczepanska -- The EU's self-conception of its roles in global affairs / Rikard Bengtsson -- NATO's changing roles in a post-hegemonic order / Sebastian Mayer -- ASEAN : the center of Asian regionalization? : a model for a global future? / Joel Campbell -- The Organization of American States' role as facilitator of democracy promotion : persuasion and social influence during the political crisis in Venezuela / Gordon Friedrichs -- Conclusion : turbulence in the 21st century international order / Francis Schortgen, Gordon Friedrichs, and Michael Grossman.

This edited volume bridges the "analytical divide" between studies of transatlantic relations, democratic peace theory, and foreign policy analysis, and improves our theoretical understanding of the logic of crises prevention and resolution. The recent rise of populism and polarization in both the U.S.A and Europe adds to a host of foreign policy crises that have emerged in transatlantic relations over the last two decades. Through examining how democracies can manage to sustain and maintain mechanisms of crisis resilience that are embedded in the democratic peace, and particularly transatlantic relations, this book helps enhance the understanding of inter-democratic crisis resolution across issue areas. In doing so, it addresses some of the most important and prevalent crises of our time, such as anti-terrorism intervention in Afghanistan; Iran's nuclear program; burden-sharing within North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO; key aspects of the international order, such as binding norms for cyber security and the integration of China into the Western-led international economic order; as well as domestic order shifts, such as the British vote to leave the European Union (EU) and the impact of the Trump administration populist foreign policy on transatlantic crisis resolution.