Suchergebnisse

6 páginas.- Ilustraciones.- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Two sunspot observations recorded by the Mexican Felipe de Zuniga y Ontiveros have been revealed from a manuscript. One sunspot group was recorded on 9th January 1777 and four sunspot groups on 29th December 1777. Both records were taken during the observation of solar eclipses from Mexico City and their description also included sketches of the solar disk with sunspots. The sunspot group corresponding to 9th January was also observed by Erasmus Lievog. The observation on 29th December 1777 is the only record corresponding to this date. ; Supports from the Junta de Extremadura (Research Group Grant GR15137) and from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Spanish Government (AYA2014-57556-P) are gratefully acknowledged. FDC thanks the support from the EU and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding, in the frame of the collaborative international consortium IMDROFLOOD financed under the ERA-NET Cofund WaterWorks2014. The editor thanks Ilya Usoskin and an anonymous referee for their assistance in evaluating this paper. ; Peer reviewed

Trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence provide high-resolution proxies that allow past climate to be reconstructed (Jones et al., 2009). Documentary evidence includes all forms of written historical information about past climate or weather, but its use for climate reconstruction is restricted to locations for which there is a rich documentary legacy. Several climate analyses and reconstructions have been undertaken using documentary evidence from Europe (Brázdil et al., 2005; 2010), North and South America (Dupigny-Giroux and Mock, 2009; Prieto and García-Herrera, 2009; Neukom et al., 2010), Asia (Ge et al., 2005; 2010; Aono and Kazui, 2008; Hirano and Mikami, 2008) and oceanic areas (García-Herrera et al., 2005). The Islamic World is a region for which such sources could also be used to reconstruct past climate, as indeed they have been widely used for astronomy and geophysics. Astronomers have used the observations made by Arab astronomers for centuries, with some remarkable examples. Historical eclipse observations, recorded by various ancient and mediaeval cultures including Arabs, have enabled changes in the Earth's rate of rotation to be monitored with fair precision as far back as around 700 AD (Stephenson, 2003). Rada and Stephenson (1992) catalogued meteor showers using mediaeval Arab chronicles and Ahn (2003) investigated the spatial distribution of meteor streams crossing the orbit of the Earth from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries using chronicles from Korea, Japan, China, Arabia and Europe. Documentary sources from Iberia have been used to identify and date such astronomical phenomena as eclipses and comets (Vernet, 1982), naked-eye sunspots (Vaquero and Gallego, 2002) and aurora sightings (Vaquero and Gallego, 2001). The work of Basurah (2006) provides descriptions for 18 aurora displays on various dates at low latitudes in the Mediterranean area taken from Islamic chronicles (ninth to sixteenth centuries). In seismology, Arabic chronicles were extensively used to prepare the Seismic Catalogue of the Iberian Peninsula (Martínez and Mezcua, 2002) and to study seismic activity in Syria and Palestine (Ambraseseys, 2005). However, the use of these sources to recover climate information is, to the best of our knowledge, still very limited (Bulliet, 2009; Jones et al., 2009). Here we describe a preliminary inquiry based on Arabic documentary sources from Iraq. We would stress the antiquity of the documents used, with dates in the period 816–1009 AD. The sources consulted are Arabic chronicles that narrate the social, political and religious history of different regions in a form very characteristic of Arab culture. ; Peer reviewed

This paper provides early instrumental data recovered for 20 countries of Latin-America and the Caribbean (Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, British Guiana, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, France (Martinique and Guadalupe), Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, El Salvador and Suriname) during the 18th and 19th centuries. The main meteorological variables retrieved were air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation, but other variables, such as humidity, wind direction, and state of the sky were retrieved when possible. In total, more than 300,000 early instrumental data were rescued (96% with daily resolution). Especial effort was made to document all the available metadata in order to allow further post-processing. The compilation is far from being exhaustive, but the dataset will contribute to a better understanding of climate variability in the region, and to enlarging the period of overlap between instrumental data and natural/documentary proxies. ; This work was partially supported by the PROMETEO research projects financed by the Secretariat of Higher Learning, Science, Technology and Innovation (Ecuador Government), AYA2014-57556-P and CGL2014-52135-C3-1-R financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, IB16127 and grant GR15137 financed by the Economy and Infrastructure Counselling of the Junta of Extremadura (the latter co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund), and IMDROFLOOD financed by the Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission. ; Peer reviewed

8 Pags.- 3 Figs. © Te Author(s) 2021. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ; Climate proxy data are required for improved understanding of climate variability and change in the pre-instrumental period. We present the first international initiative to compile and share information on pro pluvia rogation ceremonies, which is a well-studied proxy of agricultural drought. Currently, the database has more than 3500 dates of celebration of rogation ceremonies, providing information for 153 locations across 11 countries spanning the period from 1333 to 1949. This product provides data for better understanding of the pre-instrumental drought variability, validating natural proxies and model simulations, and multi-proxy rainfall reconstructions, amongst other climatic exercises. The database is freely available and can be easily accessed and visualized via http://inpro.unizar.es/. ; This work was supported by the research projects CGL2017-82216-R, PCI2019-103631 and PID2019- 108589RA-100 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER; CROSSDRO project fnanced by the AXIS (Assessment of Cross (X)- sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation), and JPI-Climate co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Te research of Nieves Bravo-Paredes has been supported by the predoctoral fellowship PRE2018-084897 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades) of the Spanish Government. Te Portuguese data search stems partly from the project KlimHist, fnanced by FCT (PTDC/AAC–CLI/119078/2010). ; Peer reviewed