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The question of whether new rules or regulations are required to govern, restrict, or even prohibit the use of autonomous weapon systems has been the subject of debate for the better part of a decade. Despite the claims of advocacy groups, the way ahead remains unclear since the international community has yet to agree on a specific definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems and the great powers have largely refused to support an effective ban. In this vacuum, the public has been presented with a heavily one-sided view of Killer Robots. This volume presents a more nuanced approach to autonomous weapon systems that recognizes the need to progress beyond a discourse framed by the Terminator and HAL 9000. Re-shaping the discussion around this emerging military innovation requires a new line of thought and a willingness to challenge the orthodoxy. Lethal Autonomous Weapons focuses on exploring the moral and legal issues associated with the design, development and deployment of lethal autonomous weapons. In this volume, we bring together some of the most prominent academics and academic-practitioners in the lethal autonomous weapons space and seek to return some balance to the debate. As part of this effort, we recognize that society needs to invest in hard conversations that tackle the ethics, morality, and law of these new digital technologies and understand the human role in their creation and operation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Editor's Preface -- Part I Boundaries -- 1 On the Significance of Understanding in Human-Robot Interaction -- 2 Making Sense of Empathy with Sociable Robots: A New Look at the "Imaginative Perception of Emotion" -- 3 Robots and the Limits of Morality -- 4 What's Love Got to Do with It? Robots, Sexuality, and the Arts of Being Human -- Part II Potential -- 5 Ethics Boards for Research in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence: Is it Too Soon to Act? -- 6 Technological Dangers and the Potential of Human-Robot Interaction: A Philosophical Investigation of Fundamental Epistemological Mechanisms of Discrimination -- 7 The Uncanny Valley: A Working Hypothesis -- 8 Staging Lies: Performativity in the Human-Robot Theatre play I, Worker -- Part III Challenges -- 9 Robots, Humans, and the Borders of the Social World -- 10 The Diffuse Intelligent Other: An Ontology of Nonlocalizable Robots as Moral and Legal Actors -- 11 Gendered by Design: Gender Codes in Social Robotics -- 12 Persuasive Robotic Technologies and the Freedom of Choice and Action.

Provides a new analysis for bringing the rules of war into alignment with contemporary means of warfareThese essays explore the overarching phenomenon of how force short of war is being used in modern conflict, and how it impacts just war theory. They show that we need to bring the rules of war into alignment with increasingly digital means of conducting kinetic warfare through the force short of war paradigm.The use of force short of war is now commonplace, in large part owing to casualty averseness and the explosion of emerging technologies, most notably drones, autonomous robotics and cyberwarfare. It often involves the selective or limited use of military force to achieve political objectives and assumes many forms. These include targeted killing, assassination, special-forces raids, limited duration bombing campaigns or missile strikes, and 'low intensity' counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations.Key FeaturesInvestigates innovative normative methods for aligning modern conflict with contemporary ethical and legal expectationsPresents a new way to understand and potentially reconcile a centuries-old theoretical dispute between classical and revisionist accounts of just warProvides a means of better governing the use of emerging military technologies that have plagued governments in recent timesOpens new avenues for thinking about the ethics of robotic, cyber and other novel military technologies in the context of military and political decision-makingContributorsEamon Aloyo, Lecturer at Leiden University and Senior Researcher at The Hague Institute of Global Justice.Christian Braun, Research Fellow in Philosophy at Durham Univeristy.Megan Braun, a Rhodes Scholar pursuing International Relations at Oxford University.Daniel Brunstetter, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine.Helen Frowe, Professor of Practical Philosophy and Director of the Stockholm Centre for the Ethics of War and Peace. Cassitie Galliott, PhD candidate at the Monash University.Jai Galliott, Research Group Leader – Values in Defence & Security Technology at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and Visiting Fellow at Centre for Technology and Global Affairs in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Oxford University.James Gillcrist, Researcher in the Department of Philosophy at The University of Kansas.Shawn Kaplan, Associate Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Adelphi University.Christopher Ketcham, Research Fellow in the Values in Defence & Security Technology Group at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy.John Lango, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Hunter College, City University of New York.Nick Lloyd, Reader in Military and Imperial History at Kings College, London.Danielle Lupton, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Colgate University.Seumas Miller, Professorial Research Fellow at Charles Sturt University and the 3TU Centre for Ethics and Technology at Delft University of Technology, The Hague.Valerie Morkevicius, Associate Professor of Political Science at Colgate University

This is the second chapter of two on military human enhancement. In the first chapter, the authors outlined past and present efforts aimed at enhancing the minds and bodies of our warfighters with the broader goal of creating the "super soldiers" of tomorrow, all before exploring a number of distinctions—natural vs. artificial, external vs. internal, enhancement vs. therapy, enhancement vs. disenhancement, and enhancement vs. engineering—that are critical to the definition of military human enhancement and understanding the problems it poses. The chapter then advanced a working definition of enhancement as efforts that aim to "improve performance, appearance, or capability besides what is necessary to achieve, sustain, or restore health." It then discussed a number of variables that must be taken into consideration when applying this definition in a military context. In this second chapter, drawing on that definition and some of the controversies already mentioned, the authors set out the relevant ethical, legal, and operational challenges posed by military enhancement. They begin by considering some of the implications for international humanitarian law and then shift to US domestic law. Following that, the authors examine military human enhancement from a virtue ethics approach, and finally outline some potential consequences for military operations more generally.